طبقه‌بندی سبکی خانه-‌مغازه‌ها، در محله‌های چینی‌تبار مالزی (مطالعۀ موردی: جورج تاون و پنانگ)

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده ساختمان و برنامه‌ریزی مسکن، دانشگاه ساینس مالزی، پنانگ، مالزی.

2 پژوهشگر دکتری، دانشکده ساختمان و برنامه‌ریزی مسکن، دانشگاه ساینس مالزی، پنانگ، مالزی.

3 استادیار گروه معماری، واحد کرمان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمان، ایران.

چکیده

خانه-‌مغازه یکی از انواع معروف سازه‌های ساختمانی در شهرهای مالزی است که در آن به‌صورت هم‌زمان از طبقۀ همکف استفاده تجاری و از طبقۀ بالای آن استفاده مسکونی می‌شود. نخستین خانه-مغازه‌ها تحت‌تأثیر سبک خانه‌های بومی مالایی قرار گرفتند. بعد از آن، سبک‌هایی که به تأثیر از غرب از آجر، گچ و تکنیک‌ها و قواعد ساخت‌و‌ساز استفاده می‌کردند، بسیار محبوب شدند. ماهیت تلفیقی این سبک باعث شده که محققان مخالف طبقه‌بندی دقیق و منفرد آن باشند. بااین‌حال، بعضی از سبک‌ها مانند اتپ (سبک بومی مالایی Attap) و آرت دکو (Art Deco) به دلیل ویژگی‌های متمایزشان، به آسانی قابل تشخیص هستند. چندین محقق این سبک از خانه‌-مغازه‌ها در مالزی را به شیوه‌های مختلف، طبقه‌بندی کرده‌اند. این مقاله، شش طبقه‌بندی براساس سبک نمای خانه-مغازه‌ها در مالزی را بررسی می‌کند و سپس با تمرکز بر انواع آن در مناطق کوچکی مثل جرج تاون و پنانگ سعی در تکمیل انواع آن دارد. در این مطالعه، 403 خانه-مغازه ساخته‌شده در دوره‌های مختلف در امتداد هفت خیابان موازی در منطقۀ جورج تاون بررسی شده است. این مجموعه براساس 28 اصل بصری در 5 دسته‌بندی معماری از نمای خانه-مغازه‌ها آغاز شده است. این بررسی تمامی مستندات، مشاهدات و ابزار بصری برای مطالعه اصول نمای بیرونی خانه-مغازه‌ها را مورد استفاده قرار داده است. یافته‌های این پژوهش یک طبقه‌بندی خوب و منظم براساس سبک خانه-مغازه‌ها که طبق مطالعات قبلی (Hassan & Yahya 2012) انجام شده است معرفی می‌کند، سبکی که با محیط و موقعیت مالزی متناسب است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Stylistic Classification of Shophouses in Chinese Settlement Area in George Town, Penang, Malaysia

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Sanusi Hassan 1
  • Asif Ali 2
  • Fatemeh Khozaei 3
1 School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
2 Ph.D Candidate, School of Housing Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
3 Assistant professor, Department of Architecture, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Shophouse is a famous building type in cities of Malaysia with its commercial usage on the ground floor and residence on the upper floor. The earliest shophouses were influenced by the indigenous Malay house style. Later, the styles were popular with the western influences due to the application of brick and plaster, construction technique and regulation of building by-laws. The syncretic nature of its style has incited scholars to be disagreeing on a single and precise classification. However, some styles like ‘Attap' type and Art Deco due to their distinguishing characteristics had an easy recognition. Several scholars have classified these styles of shophouses in Malaysia into different categories. This paper reviews six stylistic classifications of shophouse facades in Malaysia and further refines its genres by focusing it on a small region in George Town, Penang. The study examines 403 shophouses built in various periods along the seven parallel streets in George Town. It embarked with twenty-eight visual elements under the category of five architectural elements of the shophouse façades. The survey applied documentation, observation and visual method for the study of the façade elements. The findings suggest a fine tuned stylistic classification of shophouses based on a previous study of Hassan & Yahaya (2012) which is considered more pertinent in context of Malaysia.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Shophouses
  • colonial architecture
  • stylistic study
  • façade analysis
  • George Town
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