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نشریه علمی

شناخت و تبیین فوبیاهای مکان‌بند

https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2026.558190.2382
دوره 18، شماره 76
پاییز 1405
صفحه 46-63
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نوع مقاله : مقالۀ مروری

نویسندگان

فاطمه سنماری 1
صالحه بخارائی 1
زهیر متکی 2

1 گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه سوانح و بازسازی، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده
فوبیا، به‌عنوان یک اختلال اضطرابی فراگیر، با ترس مداوم و غیرمنطقی از موقعیت‌ها یا اشیای خاص مشخص می‌شود که می‌تواند موجب پریشانی، اجتناب قابل توجه و اختلال در در عملکرد روزمرۀ فرد شود. این اختلال، ریشه در تعامل پیچیده‌ای از عوامل ژنتیکی، محیط رشد و رویدادهای آسیب‌زا دارد و به‌طور میانگین از هر چهار نفر، یک نفر در مقطعی از زندگی خود مستعد ابتلا به انواع فوبیاهای خاص است. این شیوع قابل توجه، فوبیا را به چالشی مهم در حیطۀ سلامت و کیفیت زندگی تبدیل کرده است. از منظر معماری و طراحی محیط، این پدیده نه‌‎تنها یک چالش فردی، بلکه عاملی مختل‌کننده در تحقق کارایی و راحتی(Utilitatis) فضا، به‌عنوان یکی از ارکان سه‌گانۀ معماری مطلوب ویترویوسی به‌شمار می‌آید. این اختلال می‌تواند پاسخگویی معماری به نیازهای استفاده‌کنندگان، به‌ویژه گروه‌های آسیب‌پذیر را با مشکل مواجه سازد.
این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل «فوبیاهای مکان‌بند»، تبیین مؤلفه‌های فضایی هر فوبیا، و همچنین استخراج ملاحظات طراحی، به‌منظور کاهش تهدید ادراکی و آسیب‌گریزی در مواجهه با هر فوبیای مکان‌بند انجام پذیرفت. داده‌ها از طریق مطالعۀ منابع علمی و مصاحبه با افراد مبتلا و نیز متخصصان طراحی محیطی گردآوری و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که به‌جای مداخله در تکثر فوبیاها، معماران می‌بایست از مراحل اولیۀ طراحی، برمؤلفه‌های فضایی همچون هندسه، تناسبات، سلسله‌مراتب، موقعیت فضایی و همچنین ویژگی‌های عناصر فضا تمرکز کنند. همچنین، چهار عرصۀ فضایی کلیدی به‌عنوان نقاط بحرانی در شکل‌گیری یا تشدید فوبیا شناسایی شدند: آستانه‌ها، مرزها، نشانه‌ها و آسمانه‌ها.
مدیریت هدفمند این عرصه‌ها از طریق مؤلفه‌های فضایی یادشده، نه‌تنها از ایجاد محیط‌های فوبیابرانگیز جلوگیری می‌کند، بلکه گامی مؤثر در جهت خلق فضاهای مطلوب برمی‌دارد. این رویکرد که برپایۀ درک عمیق تعامل انسان و فضا استوار است، نه‌تنها از کیفیت محیطی نمی‌کاهد، بلکه برای انسان بدون فوبیا نیز به طریق اولی قابل قبول و آرامش‌بخش خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

معماری
فوبیا
فوبیاهای مکان‌بند
طراحی محیطی
سلامت روان
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Delineating and Exploring the Dimensions and Properties of Place-based Phobias

نویسندگان English

Fatemeh Senemari 1
Saleheh Bokharaei 1
Zoheir Mottaki 2
1 Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Reconstruction after Disaster, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Phobia, as a pervasive anxiety disorder, is characterized by a persistent and irrational fear of specific situations or objects, which can cause distress, significant avoidance, and impairment in an individual’s daily functioning. This disorder has its roots in a complex interaction of genetic factors, developmental environment, and traumatic events; on average, one in four people is susceptible to developing specific phobias at some point in their lives. This significant prevalence makes phobias a major challenge in the realm of health and quality of life. From the perspective of architecture and environmental design, this phenomenon is not merely an individual challenge but also a disruptive factor in achieving the utility and comfort (Utilitas) of a space, one of the three pillars of the desirable Vitruvian architecture. This disorder can hinder architecture’s responsiveness to the needs of its users, particularly vulnerable groups. This research was conducted to analyze “place-based phobias”, explain the spatial components of each phobia, and extract design considerations aimed at reducing perceived threat and injury avoidance when confronting each place-based phobia. Data were collected and analyzed through the study of scientific resources and interviews with affected individuals, as well as environmental design specialists. The findings indicate that instead of intervening in the multitude of phobias, architects should focus on spatial components from the initial design stages, such as geometry, proportions, hierarchy, spatial positioning, and the characteristics of spatial elements. Furthermore, four key spatial realms were identified as critical points in the formation or exacerbation of phobias: thresholds, boundaries, signs/spatial cues, and ceilings. The targeted management of these realms through the mentioned spatial components not only prevents the creation of phobia-inducing environments but also takes an effective step towards creating ideal spaces. This approach, based on a deep understanding of human-space interaction, not only does not diminish environmental quality but will also, a fortiori, be acceptable and calming for humans without phobias.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

  • Architecture
  • Phobia
  • Place-based Phobias
  • Environmental Design
  • Mental Health
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