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نشریه علمی

احیای روستاهای کوهستانی ژاپن برای بازیابی پایداری مبتنی‌بر مدل پنج محرک گردش‌پذیری (مطالعه موردی جامعۀ روستایی کامانوما)

https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2026.559703.2386
دوره 18، شماره 76
پاییز 1405
صفحه 24-33
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نوع مقاله : مقالۀ پژوهشی

نویسندگان

فرزان حاجی‌رضایی
جونکو سانادا

گروه معماری و مهندسی ساختمان، دانشکدۀ محیط‌‌زیست و جامعه، مؤسسه علوم توکیو، ژاپن

چکیده
روستاهای کوهستانی ژاپن با شالیزارهای پله‌ای که پیش‌تر بر پایۀ گردش منابع و نظام‌های خودکفا پایدار مانده بودند، از دورۀ پس از جنگ تا امروز، در پی کاهش جمعیت، دگرگونی‌های بزرگی را تجربه کرده‌اند که منجر به ازدست‌رفتن پایداری آن‌ها شده است. بنابراین، هدف این پژوهش تبیین این است که جوامع کوهستانی در ژاپن چگونه می‌توانند ازطریق احیای روستایی و فعال‌سازی کشاورزی منبع‌محور مبتنی‌بر گردش منابع، پایداری خود را بازیابی کنند. بدین منظور، در این پژوهش از چارچوب تحلیلی «پنج محرک گردش‌پذیری» برای بررسی ویژگی‌ها و زمینه‌های خاص محرک‌های چرخه‌ای در جامعۀ روستایی کامانوما (Kamanuma) به‌عنوان مطالعه موردی استفاده شد. داده‌ها ازطریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با کشاورزان گردآوری و با روش تحلیل تماتیک (Thematic analysis) بررسی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در حوزۀ محرک منابع طبیعی، کشاورزی منبع‌محور «Tensui» (آبیاری با آب باران)، همراه با استفاده مجدد از کاه برنج و تولید زغال، به‌عنوان پایۀ این مدل چرخه‌ای شناسایی شده است. مواد غذایی محلی مانند برنج و محصولات فرآوری‌شده در درون جامعه گردش می‌یابتد و نظامی خودکفا را برای ساکنان محلی و همچنین بازدیدکنندگان از بیرون شکل می‌دهند. یک شبکۀ محلی، تبادل دانش و مهارت‌های کشاورزی میان ساکنان را ممکن می‌سازد، همکاری در امور روستا را تسهیل می‌کند و موجب گردش شیوه‌های سنتی در داخل و خارج از روستا می‌شود. مهم‌تر از همه، پایداری کامانوما به تأمین نیروی انسانی کافی برای حفظ کشاورزی پلکانی وابسته است. چون کشاورزی به‌تنهایی از نظر اقتصادی کافی نیست، تداوم تبادلات شهری-روستایی برای تأمین نیروی کار و حمایت ضروری است تا گردش منابع محلی و پایداری کلی روستا حفظ شود. بر این اساس، ایجاد تعادل میان تبادلات شهری-روستایی و سایر محرک‌ها برای عملکرد کامانوما به‌عنوان یک کل ضروری است و به تداوم تعاملات میان انسان و منظر کمک می‌کند؛ تعاملی که نقشی اساسی در حفظ منظر دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پنج محرک گردش‌پذیری
مناظر پلکانی
پایداری
روستاهای کوهستانی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Revitalization of Japanese Mountainous Communities to Regain Sustainability based on Five Drivers of Circularity: A Case study of Kamanuma Community

نویسندگان English

Farzan Hajirezaie
Junko Sanada
Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Sch. of Environment and Society, Institute of Science Tokyo, Japan
چکیده English

Japanese mountainous communities with terraced rice fields, once sustained through resource circulation and self-sufficient local systems have undergone substantial transformations since the postwar period. Depopulation, aging, and structural changes in rural economies have undermined their traditional sustainability, leading to weakened agricultural capacity and reduced community resilience. This paper aimed to understand how those mountainous communities can regain their sustainability through rural revitalization and activation of a resource-oriented farming based on the circulation of resources. An analytical framework called the five drivers of circularity was utilized for this research to clarify the specific and contextual drivers of circularity divers in the Kamanuma community as a case study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with local farmers, and the analysis followed a thematic approach. Findings show that the natural resource driver forms the foundation of Kamanuma’s circular system. Traditional Tensui (rain-fed) rice farming, the repurposing of rice straw for tools, fertilizer, and handicrafts, as well as charcoal making as part of the Satoyama lifestyle, were identified as key components of resource-oriented farming in the village. These practices support a localized food system in which rice and processed food goods circulate within the community, contributing to multifunctionality, self-sufficiency, and enhanced value for residents and visitors. The knowledge and skills driver highlights the existence of a local network that facilitates agricultural cooperation, knowledge exchange, and the continuation of traditional practices within and beyond the community. However, the study also reveals that the long-term sustainability of Kamanuma depends heavily on securing human resources to maintain terraced farming. Given that farming alone is not financially viable, continuous urban–rural exchange programs, where volunteers from urban areas provide labor and support, play a crucial role in sustaining agricultural activities and enabling resource circulation. Accordingly, balancing urban–rural exchanges with other drivers is fundamental to the functioning of Kamanuma as a whole and to the sustained human–landscape interactions that can contribute to landscape preservation.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

  • Five drivers of circularity
  • Terraced landscapes
  • Sustainability
  • Mountainous rural communities
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