The Role of the Water System in the Eternity of the Persian Garden

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. in Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor of Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

As a manifestation of Iran’s landscape, the Persian Garden has reflected the thoughts, beliefs, and culture of Iranian-Islamic people throughout history. This gardening pattern has characteristics that have distinguished it from other gardening styles in the world. One of which is the water system in the Persian Garden. In the vast hot and dry areas of Iran, water has had an essential presence as evidenced by historical examples - from the oldest example in Pasargadae to the contemporary period – and water is considered one of the identity factors of the Persian Garden; Although the appearance of the water system and its nature in the Persian Garden as a product of human interaction with the environment has changed over time. The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of the water system in the eternity of the Persian Garden. To achieve this goal, first, the concept of eternity was defined and its criteria were extracted to form the theoretical model of the research. This theoretical model, which includes functional, climatic, socio-cultural, and semantic-aesthetic criteria, was then compared to the indicators of the water system obtained from the studies on the Persian Garden. To achieve these purposes, a combination of descriptive-analytical and historical research methods was used. The methods of data collection were in the form of library and field studies in addition to interviews with experts to achieve a comprehensive understanding of eternity, the Persian Garde,n and the water system. The method of information evaluation was qualitative according to the contents and the results were obtained through the analytical-inductive method. Based on this, the main question of the research has been answered and the final result was that the use of water in the Persian Garden was not instrumental, and maintaining a mental connection and assigning a meaningful role to it was the factor of the eternity of the Persian Garden; Because in the belief of Iranians, both before and after Islam, water has been a source of purification and has a sacred and meaningful role and has given life to the garden.

Keywords

References

Abolghasemi, L. (1992). Bagh-e Irani [Persian Garden]. Tehran: Sazman-e Park-ha va Faza-ye Sabz-e Shahr-e Tehran. 
Alexander, C. (2016). The Timeless Way of Building (M. Ghayyumi Bidhendi, Trans.). Tehran: Rozaneh Publications.
Ansari, M. (1999). Persian Garden values, Safavid-Isfahan (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis in Architecture). School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.
Ardalan, N. & Bakhtiar, L. (2001). The sense of unity (H. Shahrokh, Trans.). Tehran: Khak Publication.
Beheshti, S.M. (2004). Ghazal-e bagh [Garden Poem]. Moozeha, (41), 7-9.
Dadbeh, A. (2004). Maktabhaye Bagh Arayi (Gardening schools). Moozeha, (41), 30-34.
Diba, D. & Ansari, M. (1995a). Bagh-e Irani [Persian Garden]. In First congress of Iranian Architecture and urbanism History. Vol. 2. Tehran: Tehran: Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Publication.
Diba, D. & Ansari, M. (1995b). Chegoonegie Shekl girie ertebat-e ensan bi mohite masnoo [How to form the human relationship with the natural environment]. In First congress of Iranian Architecture and urbanism History. Vol. 2. Tehran: Tehran: Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Publication.
Falamaki, M.M. (2010). Gostarehaye memari, Maghale Bagh-e Irani,Akse Rokhe Bagh [architectural ranges; Essay on the Persian garden, Image of the garden]. Tehran: Faza. 
Falamaki, M.M. (2013). Iranians and Garden; Lands of Persian Garden. MANZAR, 4(21), 68-71.
Haghighatbin, M. (2017). The Role of Signs in Intensifying the Sense of Place in Persian Garden. MANZAR, 9(40), 6-15.
Jafar Mohammadi, S. & Ansari, M. (2015). Zibayi Shenasi dar me’mari [Aesthetics in Architecture]. National architecture, civil amd urban development conference, Urmia.
Jafari, M. (1996). Zibaei va honar az didgah-e Islam [Beauty and art in Islam]. Tehran: Keramat.
Jeyhani, H. & Omrani, M. A. (2007). Bagh-e Fin [Fin Garden]. Tehran: Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Publication.
Khansari, M., Moghtader, M. & Yavari, M. (2004). Persian garden: echoes of paradise. Tehran: Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Publication.
Lynch, K. (1997). A theory of city form (S.H. Bahrainy, Trans.). Tehran: University of Tehran.
Mansouri, S.A. (2005). An Introduction to the Aesthetics of Persian Garden. Bagh-e Nazar, 2(3), 58-63.
Mazloomi, R. (1983). Rozaneyi be Bagh-e Behesht [A Glimpse to Heavan Garden]. Vol. 1. Tehran: ACECR Publication. 
Mehdizadeh Saradj, F. & Nikoogoftar, A. (2011). A Comparative Study on Approaches to Achieve Tranquility, Calmness and Meditation in Traditional Gardens of Iran and Japan. Bagh-e Nazar, 8(17), 31-42.
Mirfendereski, M.A. (2005). Bagh-e Irani chist? Bagh-e Irani kojast? [What is Persian Garden? Where is Persian Garden?]. In First National Persian Garden Conference essays. Tehran: Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Publication.
Mostafazadeh, M. & Ansari, M. (2016). Pari de Aza: A Survey of Persian Gardening Traditions. Tehran: Gostareh.
Nayebi, F. (2002). Hayat dar Hayat [Life in the yard. Tehran: Nozhat.
Noghrekar, A., Hamzenejad, M. & Forouzande, A. (2009). Eternity Secret of Architectural Works (In Modernism, Post Modernism and More Inclusive View). Bagh-e Nazar, 6(12), 31-44.
 Pakzad, J. (2003). Keifiate Faza. [Space Quality]. Abadi, (37), 100-111.
Pirnia, M. K. (1994). Bagh-ha-ye Iran [Persian Gardens]. Abadi, 4(15), 1-4.
Pirnia, M. K. (2003). Ashnaei ba Me’mari-e eslami-e Iran [Introduction to Iranian Architecture]. Tehran: Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST).
Pourjafar, M., Sadeghi, A. & Yousefi, Z. (2009). Recognition of the Meaning Effect on Perpetuity of Place: A Case Study of Hawraman-E-Takht village in Kurdistan. JHRE, (125), 2-17.
Pourjafar, M. (2003). Javdanegi dar shahrsazi ba negahi fi shahr-e Rome [Eternity in Urban Planning with a Glance to Rome]. Shahrdari-ha, (54), 51-54.
Shafyan Daryani, F., Pourjafar, M. & Ghobadi, A. (2015). The Concept of Persistence in Islamic Architecture and comparing it to the Concept of Sustainability in Contemporary Architecture. Journal of Research in Islamic Architecture, 2(5), 32-50.
Shahcheraghi, Azadeh. (2013). Paradigms of paradise. Tehran: ACECR Publications.
Sheibani, M. (2013). Existence Sound of Persian Garden (Reported by Reyhaneh Motallebi). MANZAR, (21), 50-51.
Stronach, D. (2000). Pasargadae (Kh. Shahidi, Trans.). Tehran: Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Publication.
Toofan, S. (2006). Traditional houses construction with beautiful court yards. Bagh-e Nazar,  3(6), 72-81.
Wilber, D. (2004). Persian Gardens and Garden’s Pavilions (M. Saba, Trans.). Tehran: Bongah-e Tarjome va Nashr-e Ketab.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
Volume 14, Issue 61
January 2023
Pages 6-15

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics