http://www.manzar-sj.com/ MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape en daily 1 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_246068.html An enclosed and low-lying plain that sits between the local heights of the eastern Zagros and the western edge of the central Iranian desert, named Erāq-e-Ajam. This historical region, which is located in a dead-end, is linked to the main arteries of the country only through local access roads. Thus, the economy and low population of the region have created villages and small towns, and no large city has grown out of macro-economic, political, or religious exchanges. The weaving industry in the region has thrived due to climatic conditions, ancient history, the stabilization of tribes, and the tranquility established by geographical conditions. Animal husbandry, dairy production, and weaving industries have been sustained by rangelands and villages located at long distances from each other due to the dispersion of water resources. The stability and continuity of these conditions made the art and industry of carpet weaving in the region gain recognition. This industry formed the basis of exports from the land of Erāq-e-Ajam. Until the Qajar period, despite the existence of productive infrastructure for the carpet industry and skilled manpower, the market for non-Iraqi products remained limited to domestic markets. In 1186 AH (1223 AH), Fathali Shah Qajar commissioned Yusuf Khan Gorji to use the existing capacities of the region for development by building a new city. The main goal of the program was to generate revenue from the potential resources of the land. Skilled manpower and the chain of inputs that supported the livestock industry, justifying the new organization of the mass production cycle of carpets and their exports. European companies also stepped in for this purpose, and by 1319, Arak was one of the most important carpet exporters to Europe. Before that, it was necessary to establish a suitable base in the middle of a large region with small and scattered settlements to serve as the headquarters of the administrative system and management of the development program. The new city of Sultanabad, with a European map, spatial organization, structure, and elements of an Islamic-Iranian city, centralized investment, and unified management, was built and ready for use in 4 years, covering an area of ​​50 hectares. After that, European companies entered the carpet export business, and the region faced a great demand for purchase and economic prosperity. The share of producers in the income and the profit of intermediaries is a question for future studies. On the eve of the Constitutional Movement and due to the weakness of the Qajar government in supporting local merchants in confronting foreign companies, it led the marketers of Arak to fight foreign capitalists. Regardless of the management that dominated the program, it can be said that the Qajar approach to the development of non-Arab Iraq was a kind of endogenous development and planning based on the capacities of the system and simultaneous attention to the interests of developers, the program environment, and the local community. In such a way that the growth of one did not hinder the development of others. This method, regardless of the almost certain discrimination in the distribution of benefits, can be considered a good example of place-based development. A development that places a systemic understanding of place, meaning "the reading of the local community from the objective components of the land," along with the interests of the developer and the land.Two centuries after Sultanabad was established and during the period when its name was changed to Arak, the second development plan of the region was implemented. This period coincided with the era when the North-South National Railway passed through Arak, and the region was no longer at a dead end. The establishment of large industries, disregarding the environmental conditions of the land, a deep and enclosed area among the local highlands, and regardless of the conflict of skills of the local community that had been cultivated in art and weaving for thousands of years, and the shortage of technical labor, was the approach to the second development of Arak. The result of this policy was the mass migration of ethnic groups from other lands to non-Arab Iraq, the unbridled growth of the city of Arak, environmental pollution due to the persistence of toxic air in the greenhouse conditions of the land, and the creation of an economic competitor for the ancient weaving economy of the region.The second development resulted in the collapse of spatial attachments, social disintegration, high housing prices, environmental damage, and weakening of the historical identity of the local community. Although the first development occurred in more primitive historical conditions, it was a better policy than the second development because of its adaptation to the processes governing place-making and place-based development. A development that was defined as result-oriented and based on increasing economic income. The experience of the two development policies in Adak confirms the importance of defining the place of development in planning and achieving development goals. The fact that the development plan is partially defined for nowhere and then the location for its implementation is selected will certainly lead to the destruction of the intergenerational assets of the land. The calendar of hidden costs of this development method confirms the economic failure of the program that was originally called an economic development program. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_245512.html The Persian Garden (Bagh) is recognized as one of the types of historical gardens in the world. Historical Persian gardens display considerable diversity and have been constructed under different conditions and locations. Some of these gardens were established along riversides and adjacent to water bodies in order to benefit from their Garden Landscape. These historical gardens have been created since distant times across various geographical regions of Iran and its surrounding areas. One of these gardens, built in the late nineteenth century CE on the northern front of the Qara-Su River in Kermanshah, is the Emadiyeh Garden. This garden has now disappeared, and no physical trace of it remains; however, in this research, it is identified and analyzed for the first time. The reconstruction of this garden has been carried out through the examination of the oldest available aerial photographs, the iconographic comparison of remaining historical images from the past, a review of existing historical narratives about the garden, the comparison of geographical maps, and field visits to the garden’s site. Based on these sources, the plan of the garden has been drawn according to its actual scale and location. The reconstruction of the structure and the preparation of the plan of Emadiyeh Garden, through the analysis of the available documents, indicate that this garden, due to its exceptional location along the river front and its innovative design, despite its particular and distinctive function within the social and cultural context of the Qajar period, Kermanshah, represents a rare and highly significant example of Persian garden making. It presents a unique pattern of adjacency between a garden and a river, an example that has so far remained largely unnoticed and can be introduced as one of the diverse models of Persian garden design. The remarkable scale of the garden and the distinctive organization of functions within the domains of Andaruni (inner part) and Khalvat (private part) in this khani garden are among its prominent characteristics. Moreover, the notable location and design of the Throne Dais Pavilion (Shah neshin) of the garden on the coast of the Qara-Su River constitute a unique model in terms of landscape design and architectural composition. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_237626.html The circulation of motor vehicles is one of the defining features of urban life in contemporary cities. However, particulate matter produced by fuel combustion in vehicle engines is considered one of the most significant contributors to air pollution in metropolitan areas. These particles are carried by wind into surrounding spaces, leading to a decline in air quality in built environments located adjacent to heavily trafficked urban arteries. It appears that by selecting appropriate building forms in such areas, it is possible not only to improve natural ventilation but also to partially prevent the penetration of pollutants into the open spaces of these complexes. This study investigates the impact of building layout configuration and elongation patterns in residential complexes located near heavily trafficked urban highways on air quality within the open spaces between them. To assess air quality, three parameters were used: wind speed, mean age of air, and the concentration of accumulated pollutants in the central open space between buildings. To extract case-study samples, three building elongation patterns were initially considered: a square pattern, a rectangular pattern elongated perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, and a rectangular pattern elongated parallel to the prevailing wind direction. Each form was then arranged in six different layout configurations.Ultimately, 18 case-study samples were generated, each containing a fixed central open space of 225 square meters as the study area. All case studies were assumed to be located 35 meters from an urban highway considered as the source of pollutant emissions. The findings indicate that increasing spatial enclosure through a centralized layout pattern in residential complexes, although reducing pollutant concentration in the central open space, significantly decreases ventilation quality in these areas. Additionally, increasing permeability along façades facing pollutant sources can facilitate the transfer of pollutant particles into the open spaces between buildings. Therefore, elongating building blocks perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction is one of the factors that can help prevent pollutants from entering the leeward open spaces behind them. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_242196.html The rapid intensification of urbanization and the progressive detachment of human life from natural processes have eroded the depth of aesthetic experience and weakened the intertwined relationship between beauty, meaning, and liveability in contemporary built environments. Conventional aesthetic theories - rooted either in subjective judgment or in strictly formalist interpretations - are largely inadequate for explaining this multi-layered nexus. This conceptual limitation underscores the necessity of re-examining the philosophical, perceptual, and biological underpinnings of aesthetic experience. This study aims to trace and clarify the conceptual evolution of bio-aesthetics and to articulate a theoretical framework that elucidates the perceptual, cognitive, social, and biological mechanisms underpinning aesthetic experience within the triadic relationship of human beings, nature, and meaning. On this basis, the research seeks to formulate a comprehensive model for improving environmental quality. This study adopts conceptual analysis and theoretical inference as its core methodological strategy. The corpus comprises classical and contemporary scholarship in the philosophy of aesthetics, evolutionary biology, neuroaesthetics, environmental psychology, and architectural/urban design theory. The analytical process involved comparing and synthesizing key theoretical perspectives - from biophilia and biomimicry to ecological aesthetics and nature-based design - to distill a coherent explanatory framework for environmental aesthetic experience. The results of this study suggest that bio-aesthetics can be understood as a coherent theoretical system in which aesthetic experience arises from the concurrent interaction of perceptual, cognitive, social, and biological processes. The proposed framework operates across four interlinked analytical levels - biological, neural, functional, formal, value-oriented ecological, and perceptual–semantic - showing that environmental quality is shaped by the intrinsic interplay of mind, body, nature, and meaning. Within this perspective, beauty is reconceptualized as an expression of life, and nature as a primary carrier of meaning. In this sense, bio-aesthetic theory not only offers a comprehensive basis for improving the quality of residential and urban environments but also provides a conceptual platform for advancing a new integrative paradigm in architecture and environmental design. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_242500.html Green spaces are generally defined as the physical patches in cities that are measured by the standard indicators per capita. Therefore, the location, abundance, and distribution of green patches in cities are usually not measured on request or based on the qualitative and ecological continuity components; they are systematically reported relying on the quantitative data and standard level per capita. So, green spaces in cities may represent an adequate level based on data and numerical assessments, but considering the social standards, they might not show a standard level of quality; for example, in Tehran Municipality District 22, as a case report in this study, this issue has been observed. The reason might arise from underlying conditions, as in urban planning and the master plan, quantity is mainly the priority, and the quality level has not been defined according to the citizens` living needs and demands. This study aims to identify the ecological weaknesses of the landscape of Tehran Municipality District 22 and overcome the conditions to increase the continuity of the urban ecological networks and thereafter increase the urban physical and social cohesion by connecting the sub-urban green spaces and outlands to the inner urban green spaces by implementing proceedings such as 1. construction of an urban green belt, 2. expanding large green spots, and 3. utilizing natural corridors such as rivers, valleys, and the natural corridors along them The landscape metrics were measured in a four-step process from 2013 to 2020 relying on images captured by Landsat 8 satellite followed by QUick Atmospheric Correction (QUAC); at the next step, the spatial resolution of the images was increased every two years using the panchromatic band and the Gram-Schmidt algorithm, which finally followed by cropping images considering the boundary of Tehran Municipality District 22. The satellite images were processed using ENVI 5.3 remote sensing software, and the images were evaluated in five land cover areas as follows: 1. Bare Land (BL), 2. Vegetation Cover (VC), 3. Water area, 4. Paved Road (PR), and Built-up Land (BUL). The captured images were analyzed using Fragstats 4.2 software after classifying satellite images, followed by measuring the indicators such as “total area/patch”, “number of patches”, “patch density”, “class percentage”, “largest patch index”, “average patch area”, and “adjacency and correlation index”. The results showed that the number of patches (NP) has increased at the landscape scale from 1391 patches to 1687 ones between the years of 2013 and 2023, indicating the smaller size of green patches and the loss of continuity in the landscape structure. However, examining the landscape metrics in the vegetation area represents a successful effort in preserving them in recent years, given the constant patch area and the relevant percentage, along with the decrease in the number and density of patches at the class scale, despite an increase in urban construction. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_242499.html Architectural design faces the ongoing challenge of improving building performance through the optimization of daylight utilization in façades, particularly in cold climates such as that of Zanjan, which nonetheless exhibits a high potential for effective use of natural daylight during periods of high solar radiation. With the overarching objective of designing a library façade structure through daylight simulation and metaheuristic optimization processes to identify optimal models with the highest level of daylight illuminance efficiency, this study addresses the following question: How can simulation and metaheuristic optimization processes be employed in the design of a library façade structure to enhance daylight performance? The Grasshopper parametric modeling environment and the Ladybug Tools plugin were employed for modeling and simulation. Grasshopper’s parametric framework enables rapid implementation of design variations and real-time observation of their impacts. In the descriptive–analytical phase, SPSS software was used alongside the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Partial Least Squares (PLS) modeling. The findings indicate that an optimal daylighting model with the highest daylight performance and the most appropriate illuminance distribution was achieved using an internal light shelf depth of 1.3 m, an external light shelf depth of 0.6 m, and a glazing light transmittance of 0.55. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_242498.html Public spaces are an essential part of urban life, and their presence depends on human interaction. Research shows that environments with perceptual complexity stimulate the mind and increase the desire to be present. Multisensory design can enhance the quality of perception and sense of belonging to the space by simultaneously engaging the senses. Previous studies have focused more on specific spaces or historical environments and have mainly addressed only one or two senses. Therefore, other senses in urban spaces have received less attention. Understanding the landscape in an integrated way through all five senses can be more comprehensive. This research aims to investigate the multisensory components that shape the presence of urban spaces, their interrelationships, and their mutual effects. The main question of the study is how multisensory design can help enhance the presence of urban public spaces and which senses play the most significant role in this regard. The research hypothesis is that multisensory design increases presence by simultaneously stimulating multiple sensory modalities. The research strategy was to evaluate the relationship between the components of presence and the five senses across three urban spaces: Chitgar Lake, Baghrah, and Keshavarz Boulevard, using open-ended interviews with users. This research evaluated the relationship between the components of presence and the five senses through open interviews with users of three urban spaces: Chitgar Lake, Baghrah, and Keshavarz Boulevard, and showed that multisensory design plays a significant role in enhancing presence. The senses of sight and touch play the most critical roles; sight promotes vitality and physical quality, and touch promotes presence through its impact on thermal comfort. The equal and simultaneous understanding of these two senses increases the level of presence, and its effect is crystallized in the physical quality index. The sense of touch is more influential due to the nature of activities, including sports, and although vision is perceived more consciously, touch plays a more permanent role in the presence of space. The sense of taste has the smallest share of perception. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_242497.html Re-reading Two Competing Discourses in the Representation of Isfahan’s Urban image in the 1960s and 1970s Problem Statement:In the 1960s and 1970s, Isfahan became a major center for debates on architectural identity in Iran. A series of urban projects and architectural interventions—both within historic settings and in new development areas—created a context in which two contrasting approaches to the past, tradition, and the idea of “Iranian architectural identity” emerged. The key question of this study is how these approaches were represented in official media and professional sources, and what role they played in shaping Isfahan’s architectural image during this period. Research Objective: Focusing on three news-related cases and several key architectural projects, this study examines the tension between two discourses: the “official–touristic” discourse and the “professional–critical” discourse. Each offers a different understanding of the past, the role of tradition, and the prospects of Iranian architecture in the modern era. The aim is to show how these discourses influenced media representations and design decisions related to Isfahan’s architectural identity. Research Method:The study employs Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis. Data were collected through systematic review of news and reports in the Ettela’at daily index cards, the Bulletin of the Society of Iranian Architects, and Honar va Memari magazine. These sources allow comparison between the approaches of official institutions and the professional architectural community toward major urban projects in Isfahan. Conclusion:Findings indicate that the official–touristic discourse emphasized historical representation and cultural symbolism to present an “authentic” and appealing image of Isfahan, while the professional–critical discourse stressed architectural interpretation of the past, creativity, and careful engagement with tradition. The analysis of three cases shows that the interaction of these discourses shaped Isfahan’s architectural identity in a multilayered and non-linear way. The study contributes an integrated discursive framework that reveals how differing narratives of tradition and modernity influenced the representation of Isfahan’s architecture. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_242622.html Japanese mountainous communities with terraced rice fields—once sustained through resource circulation and self-sufficient local systems have undergone substantial transformations since the postwar period. Depopulation, aging, and structural changes in rural economies have undermined their traditional sustainability, leading to weakened agricultural capacity and reduced community resilience. This paper aimed to understand how those mountainous communities can regain their sustainability through rural revitalization and activation of a resource-oriented farming based on circulation of resources. An analytical framework called fiver drivers of circularity was utilized for this research to clarify specific and contextual these circularity divers in Kamanuma community as a case study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with local farmers, and the analysis followed a thematic approach. Findings show that the natural resource driver forms the foundation of Kamanuma’s circular system. Traditional Tensui (rain-fed) rice farming, the repurposing of rice straw for tools, fertilizer, and handicrafts, as well as charcoal making as part of the Satoyama lifestyle, were identified as key components of resource-oriented farming in the village. These practices support a localized food system in which rice and processed food goods circulate within the community, contributing to multifunctionality, self-sufficiency, and enhanced value for residents and visitors. The knowledge and skills driver highlights the existence of a local network that facilitates agricultural cooperation, knowledge exchange, and the continuation of traditional practices within and beyond the community. However, the study also reveals that the long-term sustainability of Kamanuma depends heavily on securing human resources to maintain terraced farming. Given that farming alone is not financially viable, continuous urban–rural exchange programs—where volunteers from urban areas provide labor and support—play a crucial role in sustaining agricultural activities and enabling resource circulation. Accordingly, balancing urban–rural exchanges with other drivers is fundamental to functioning of Kamanuma’s as a whole and to the sustained human–landscape interactions that can contribute to landscape preservation. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_243008.html The Role of Waqf in Neighborhood Spatial Organization: From Social Institution to Spatial Pattern (The Case of Chaleh Meydan in the Qajar Period) Abstract Throughout the history of Islamic cities, waqf has not merely functioned as a financial or charitable institution; rather, it has operated as one of the enduring mechanisms shaping urban spatial organization. Nevertheless, within Iranian urban studies, research on waqf has largely remained confined to descriptive historical narratives, while its spatial mechanisms—particularly at the neighborhood scale—have received comparatively little systematic and analytical attention. Focusing on the Chaleh Meydan neighborhood in Qajar-era Tehran, the present study aims to elucidate the role of waqf in the formation of the neighborhood’s spatial structure and to extract a spatial–functional model of this process. The research adopts a qualitative–historical approach combined with spatial analysis and is conducted at two complementary levels. On the one hand, documentary sources—including waqf deeds, historical maps, municipal records, and travel accounts—are examined. On the other hand, the neighborhood’s physical organization is analyzed through its movement network and the spatial distribution of endowed (waqf) elements. The theoretical framework integrates the theory of the production of space, spatial configuration and movement analysis, the concept of the built–social structure, and the pattern language approach (Lefebvre, 1991; Hillier & Hanson, 1984; Habraken, 1998; Alexander et al., 1977). The findings indicate that in Chaleh Meydan, waqf played a fundamental role in producing and stabilizing the neighborhood’s spatial structure through three key mechanisms: the regulation of ownership relations and access, the organization of public and ritual functions, and the establishment of social gathering nodes. Accordingly, a network of endowed spaces—including mosques, schools, husayniyyas, tekkes, and water reservoirs—developed in organic relationship with the neighborhood’s circulation routes, giving rise to local centers, reinforcing collective urban life, and sustaining the spatial identity of Chaleh Meydan. The study demonstrates that this waqf-based model of neighborhood spatial organization can serve as an analytical framework for reinterpreting policies of historic urban regeneration and for mobilizing the capacities of traditional institutions within contemporary urban management. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_243373.html With the expansion of AI-based artworks in public spaces, the conceptual and structural analysis of this form of art within urban contexts has become a pressing research concern. Accordingly, this study aims to propose a framework for classifying AI artworks in public art. The main research question is: according to what criteria can AI-based artworks in public spaces be categorized, and how can such a classification contribute to understanding the audience’s experience and the role of the intelligent agent? This qualitative study adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is based on the analysis of nine significant examples of AI artworks presented in urban environments. Drawing on Ahmed’s theoretical framework (2018) on interaction and interactivity, and through a reinterpretation and development of Mendelowitz’s conceptual model (2020), the study formulates a five-part model consisting of generative, reactive, interactive, learning, and static works. These categories are organized according to the type and operational behavior of intelligent agents, the mode of interaction, and the audience’s perceptual experience. The analysis of the selected examples shows that the level of agency, the degree of responsiveness, the source of input data, the stability or variability of system behavior, and the form of audience experience vary significantly across these works. Static and generative works offer a more passive experience that remains independent of the audience, whereas reactive works respond to environmental stimuli, and interactive and learning works, through the use of adaptive and learning algorithms, enable dynamic, participatory, and customizable experiences. The findings indicate that the final classification of each work depends not only on the type of intelligent agent, but also on the relation among system, audience, environment, data, and interaction. The conceptual model proposed in this article can be used both as an analytical tool for understanding the structure of existing works and as a framework for designing future artworks within the context of smart cities. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_244164.html The existence of environmental crisis, urban shrinkage and livability plan as a path to achieving sustainability have made it necessary to pay attention to the livability of neighborhoods in new urban developments. Despite paying attention to the development of large cities whose unbridled growth has had many economic, social and environmental consequences, paying attention to medium-sized cities such as Shahroud, which have the capacity to accommodate population and require future development, can be of great importance. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to improve urban environments, strengthen social welfare and ensure sustainable development in the new settlements of Shahroud and to eliminate the identified shortcomings and increase livability. This study examined livability indicators in four new settlements of Shahroud using 377 researcher-made questionnaires and structural equation analysis (SEM) and importance-performance (IPA). The perception of the importance and performance of the indicators from the perspective of residents and its analysis in the importance-performance matrix allows for the presentation of urban development strategies in the four areas of "consolidation", "revision", "release" and "focus". According to the findings, the existence of a significant relationship between importance and performance confirms that the perception of the importance of various environmental factors affects the evaluation of their performance. The findings indicate a different perception of the "importance" of indicators in the perception of residents, despite the existence of similar social and economic conditions in the studied settlements; Overall, this study showed that there is a low level of urban livability, especially in the component of urban facilities and infrastructure, which has the lowest level of perceived "performance". In contrast, the quality of the built environment has been evaluated better. Among the settlements, Enghelab town showed high livability; while Alborz town has low livability. The need to pay attention to the importance of indicators in prioritizing development programs, to improve the quality of the research process through contextual studies, and to formulate development programs for these settlements according to the performance-importance analysis is one of the research results. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_245458.html Urban walkability depends on more than the physical form of streets. It is also shaped by how pedestrians see, interpret, and respond to their surroundings. Street width, greenery, enclosure, signage, and pedestrian facilities may all affect walking experience. Yet their influence is not only direct. These features first attract, guide, or disperse visual attention. This visual process may then shape how people evaluate safety, comfort, preference, and ease of movement. In recent years, eye-tracking has become an important method for studying pedestrian experience. It allows researchers to record where people look, how long they fixate, and how visual attention changes across different street environments. However, the evidence remains fragmented. Most studies examine specific design features or isolated visual indicators. Few studies explain how visual attention connects street design with walkability-related perceptions and behaviours. As a result, the mediating role of visual attention is still unclear. To address this gap, this study systematically reviews eye-tracking research on urban walkability. The review follows the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were searched in the Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases. The search covered publications from 2016 to 2026. After screening, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The selected studies were examined through four analytical categories. These included country and research context, experimental setting, environmental and design variables, and eye-tracking indicators. The findings were then synthesized qualitatively to identify recurring patterns across the literature. Four main themes emerged from the review. These were greenery and natural elements, spatial openness and scale, walkability infrastructure, and microscale elements and landmarks. Across the reviewed studies, vegetation, spatial coherence, and high-quality pedestrian infrastructure were often linked to more stable and focused visual attention. These features were also associated with higher perceived safety, stronger environmental preference, and better restorative experience. By contrast, visual clutter, excessive information, and spatial discontinuity tended to disperse attention and increase cognitive load. Overall, the findings suggest that visual attention can act as a mediator between street-level environmental characteristics and walkability outcomes. In other words, pedestrians do not simply respond to urban form as a physical condition. They first process it visually. This visual processing influences how they perceive, evaluate, and use street environments. The review therefore provides a basis for future causal models and supports more human-centered approaches to street design. http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_245459.html Phobia, as a pervasive anxiety disorder, is characterized by a persistent and irrational fear of specific situations or objects, which can cause distress, significant avoidance, and impairment in an individual's daily functioning. This disorder has its roots in a complex interaction of genetic factors, developmental environment, and traumatic events; on average, one in four people is susceptible to developing specific phobias at some point in their lives. This significant prevalence makes phobia a major challenge in the realm of health and quality of life. From the perspective of architecture and environmental design, this phenomenon is not merely an individual challenge but also a disruptive factor in achieving the utility and comfort (Utilitas) of a space, one of the three pillars of the desirable Vitruvian architecture. This disorder can hinder architecture's responsiveness to the needs of its users, particularly vulnerable groups.This research was conducted to analyze “place-based phobias”, explain the spatial components of each phobia, and extract design considerations aimed at reducing perceived threat and injury avoidance when confronting each place-based phobia. Data were collected and analyzed through the study of scientific resources and interviews with affected individuals as well as environmental design specialists. The findings indicate that instead of intervening in the multitude of phobias, architects should focus from the initial design stages on spatial components such as geometry, proportions, hierarchy, spatial positioning, and the characteristics of spatial elements. Furthermore, four key spatial realms were identified as critical points in the formation or exacerbation of phobia: thresholds, boundaries, Signs/Spatial Cues, and ‎ Overhead Plane. The targeted management of these realms through the mentioned spatial components not only prevents the creation of phobia-inducing environments but also takes an effective step towards creating ideal spaces. This approach, based on a deep understanding of human-space interaction, not only does not diminish environmental quality but will also, a fortiori, be acceptable and calming for humans without phobias.