نشریه علمی

کنش های دموکراتیک در زندگی روزمره: بازاندیشی در منظرشهری با رویکرد باختین

دوره 18، شماره 74
بهار 1405
صفحه 6-19

نوع مقاله : مقالۀ پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

چکیده
فضای شهرهای مدرن با سه ویژگی مکان، کنش‌‌های متقابل و افراد شناخته می‌‌شود. اما موضوعی که اهمیت جداگانه‌‌ای دارد سازمان قدرت است. یعنی تا چه حد یک فضا اقتدارگرا یا گشوده است. این پژوهش نیز به تبیین چگونگی تجربۀ فضای دموکراتیک در ادراک فضاهای شهری می‌‌پردازد. در این زمینه، نظریه‌‌های باختین می‌توانند چارچوبی انتقادی برای بازاندیشی در نسبت میان فضا، کنش اجتماعی و منظر شهری -به‌مثابۀ ادراک شهروندان از فضای شهری- فراهم آورند. کارناوال‌ها با برهم‌زدن موقتی نظم‌‌های تثبیت‌شده، زمینۀ گفت‌وگوی میان اندیشه‌های متکثر را فراهم می‌کنند؛ گفت‌وگویی که در بستر زمانی-مکانی معینی رخ می‌دهد و از پیوند آن دو، ساختار کرونوتوپ شکل می‌گیرد. پرسش اصلی این است که ما به ازاء شهری آزادی باختینی چیست و چگونه می‌‌توان نظریه‌‌های او در مورد فضای کارناوالی، دیالوگ و کرونوتوپ را مبنایی برای تبیین منظر شهری دموکراتیک قرار داد؟ هدف این پژوهش، بازتعریف منظر شهری به‌مثابۀ فضایی چندصدایی است که در آن، لحظات کارناوالی امکان گسست از نظم تثبیت‌شده و بروز کنش‌های خلاقانه و دموکراتیک را فراهم می‌کنند. این مقاله با راهبرد کیفی و با رویکرد تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی انجام شده است. در ابتدا از روش تحلیل مفهومی برای بازخوانی مفاهیم کلیدی در اندیشۀ میخائیل باختین استفاده شد و این مفاهیم در نسبت با فضای شهری و زندگی روزمره بازتعریف شده‌اند. سپس با روش تفسیر گفتمانی، پیوند میان نظریۀ باختین و منظر شهری بررسی شده است. یافته‌‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که کارناوال نه رخدادی استثنایی، بلکه ظرفیتی پویا و جاری در بافت زندگی روزمرۀ شهری است. میکروکارناوال‌ها، با ایجاد گسست‌های موقتی در نظم تثبیت‌شده، امکان بازآفرینی فضا، بروز خود، کنش دموکراتیک و گفت‌وگوی چندصدایی را برای شهروندان فراهم می‌سازند. منظر شهری در این چارچوب میدانی روایی، ناتمام و گشوده به رخداد است که ظرفیت میزبانی تجربه‌های خلاقانه و آزادی‌‌بخش را در دل شهر فراهم می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Democratic Actions in Everyday Life: Rethinking the Urbanscape Using a Bakhtinian Approach

نویسندگان English

Delyar Asadi
Saeed Haghir
Saeid Khaghani
Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Modern cities are typically characterized by three features: place, interactions, and people. However, a distinct issue of crucial significance is the organization of power, that is, the degree to which a space is authoritarian or open. This research, therefore, seeks to explicate how the experience of a democratic space is realized in the perception of urban spaces. In this context, the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin can provide a critical framework for rethinking the relationship among space, social action, and the urbanscape, understood as the citizens’ perception of urban space. Carnivals, by temporarily disrupting established orders, facilitate dialogue among pluralistic ideas; this dialogue unfolds within a specific time-space setting, and the linkage of these two forms the structure of the chronotope. The central question of this study is: What is the urban equivalent of Bakhtinian freedom, and how can his theories on carnival space, dialogue, and the chronotope serve as a basis for explaining the democratic urbanscape? The objective of this research is to redefine the urbanscape as a polyphonic space where carnivalistic moments allow for a rupture from the established order and enable the emergence of creative and democratic actions. This study employed a qualitative approach using a critical discourse analysis (CDA). Initially, conceptual analysis was utilized to critically re-read the key concepts in the thought of Mikhail Bakhtin. These concepts were subsequently redefined in relation to urban space and everyday life. Following this, discursive interpretation was applied to examine the linkage between Bakhtin’s theory and the urbanscape. The findings of this research indicate that the carnival is not an exceptional event, but rather a dynamic capacity that is inherent and ongoing in the fabric of everyday urban life. Micro-carnivals, by generating temporary ruptures in the established order, provide citizens with the opportunity for spatial recreation, self-expression, democratic action, and polyphonic dialogue. Within this framework, the urbanscape is understood as a narrative field that is unfinished and open to events, offering the capacity to host creative and emancipatory experiences at the heart of the city.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

  • Carnival
  • Bakhtin
  • Urbanscape
  • Dialogism
  • Democracy
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