Investigation of developments and changes in Mashhad Spatial Organization

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Master's degree in Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts University of Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D. Candidate in Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
A city is a socializing process that creates civilization, so mere physical formation and development cannot lead to the development of a town. Cities are a collection of interconnected organs formed by an identity community. The city is a cohesive and relative whole; each part plays an important role. Every sector plays its part in achieving a unique goal. In systematic analysis, the city consists of the elements that make up its spatial organization. In Iran's traditional cities, for example, bazaars have formed a longitudinal structure along the direction of the town. In contrast, religious centers such as shrines and mosques have included circular designs in the middle of cities.
As one of Iran's historical cities, Mashhad emerged in the 3rd century AH on the outskirts of the Toos and Tabaran villages. The development and expansion of Mashhad throughout history have always been affected by the town's religious center (the holy shrine of Imam Reza ). During the city's development, the sacred shrine of Imam Reza played a decisive role in how the city's spatial organization was formed and changed. Since Mashhad's formation, urban development has always originated in the central zone. Consequently, a cohesive and homogeneous relationship with the surrounding environment has been a characteristic of holy shrines during the urban development. The city constituents always served this place, such as neighborhoods and access roads. Since the Safavid era, the continuous organic relationship between the center and other Mashhad Urban Spatial Organization components has been broken due to fundamental changes in urban development plans and governmental interventions, which this study try to clarify.
This study seeks to conduct a historical-analytical investigation of how Mashhad's broad foundation formed, changed, and contributed to the destruction of Mashhad's urban identity community within the region's constituent parts, including its center, structure, neighborhoods, and urban realm.

Keywords

References

Abarghouei Fard, H. & Mansouri, S. A. (2021). Reviewing the Constituent Components of the Spatial Organization of Iranian City after Islam in the 9th – 14th AH Travelogues. MANZAR, 13(55), 20-29.
Al-salim, Kh. (2021). Philosophy of Spatial Organization/ the Holy City Case Study. IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 26(1), 17-27.
Alshehri, A. (2018) .Ottoman Spatial Organization of the pre-modern City of Medina. ABE Journal, (13).
Atashinbar, B., Mansouri, S. A. & Sheibani, M. (2011). Order: the main element in the scientific analysis of avenue landscape. Bagh-e Nazar, 9(23), 93-102.
Azari, A., Barati, N., Mirmoini, M. & Mohammadi Ojan, Sh. (2016). Barrasi-ye hozoorpaziri dar haram-ha-ye moghaddas va baft piramooni an-ha. Nemooneh-ye moredi: Haram mottahar Imam reza dar shahr Mashhad moghaddas. First international conference about architecture and urbanism in the era of globalization, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz.
Bahrami, F. & Atashinbar, M. (2020). Evolution of the Hamedān's Urban Landscape during First Pahlavi Era; Impacts of Piercing Streets on the City Center. Bagh-e Nazar, 16(81), 5-16.
Crawford, R. (2016). What can complexity theory tell us about urban planning?, In New Zealand Productivity Commission Research Note 2016/2.
D'allemagne, H. (1999). Du Khorasan au pays des Backhtiaris: trois mois de voyage en Perse (Gh. Saeidi). Tehran: Tavous publication. [in Persian]
Darwent, D. F. (1965). Urban growth about socio-economic development and westernization: a case study of the city of Mashad, Iran (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis in Architecture). Durham University, Durham, England.
Etemad Al-Saltanah, M. (1983). Mottale-al shams (T. Borhan Limoo dehi, Trans.). Tehran: Farhangsara.
Fraser, J.B. (1986). Fraser's travelogue (Winter Journey) (M. Amiri, Trans.).Tehran: Tous.
Hakim al-Mamalik, Alinaghi Ibn Ismail (1977): Roozname-ye Safar-e Khorasan [Khorasan journey newspaper] (I. Afshar Ed.). Tehran: Farhang Iran Zamin.
Hatami Nejad, S., Pourahmad, A., Zyari, K. & Behboudimoghadam, H. (2021). Analysis of spatial transformation in the central part of Tehran based on the theory of complexity. Geographical Planning of Space Quarterly Journal. 11(41) 23-42.
Hiscock, M. & Cohen, D. B. ( 2018). Visual imagery and dream recall. Journal of Research in Personality, 7(2), 179-188.
Hosseini, S. (2011). The reflection of Timurid chaharbagh of Mashhad in history. Journal of historical research (University of Isfahan), 47(2 (10), 73-88.
Ibn al-Athir, A. (1988). Tarikh-e kamel, tarikh-e bozorg-e Islam va Iran [The complete history, the great history of Islam and Iran ] (A. Halat, Trans.). Tehran: Matbo'at-e Elmi.
Keimanesh, T. (2011). Pilgrimage, power, and identity of the place Mashhad (UPublished Post-Master Thesis in Urbanism). Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, Netherlands.
Khanikov, N. V. (1996). Travelogue of Nikolai Khanikov: Travel Report to the South of Central Asia, Translated by Aqdas Yaghmaei and Abolghasem Bigonah. Mashhad: BehNashr.
Kiani, M. (1997). Paytakh-ha-ye Iran [The capitals of Iran ]. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization Publications.
Mansouri (2020). Spatial system of Iranian city in the Islamic period. Tehran: NAZAR Research center.
Mansouri, S. & Dizani E. (2016). The evolution of the spatial system of the city of Qazvin. Tehran: NAZAR Research Center.
Mansouri, S. (2013). The Spatial System in the Islamic City of Iran. Journal of Art and Civilization of the Orient, 1(1), 51-62.
Mansouri, S. A. & Hemmati, M. (2021). An evaluation of Persian-Speaking researchers' description and interpretations of the spatial organization of cities. Bagh-e Nazar, 17(92), 5-20.
Mansouri, S. A. & Mohammadzadeh, Sh. (2017). Transformations of Tabriz Spatial Organization from early Islam to Qajar period. Bagh-e Nazar, 14 (51), 32-21.
Mansouri, S.A. (2007). The Spatial Organization of Iranian City in Two Periods: Before and After Islam Based on the Evidences of Kerman City Evolution. Bagh-e Nazar, 4(7), 50-60.
Mansouri, S.A. (2012). Spatial organization of Iranian city in tow periods: before and after Islam based on testimonies of evaluations of the city of Kerman. Bagh-e Nazar, 4(7), 50-60.
Maroufi, H., & Rosina, E. (2017). Cities Hosting Holy Shrines: the Impact of Pilgrimage on Urban Form. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 5, 30–44.
McGregor, G. (1987). Narrative of a journey through the province of Khorassan and on the N. W. frontier of Afghanistan in 1875 (M. Mahdizadeh, Trans.). Mashhad: BehNashr. [in Persian]
Modarres Razavi, M, Fayyaz, A, Moayyedi, A, Molavi, A, & Farrokh, M. (2009). Mashhad dar aghaz-e gharn-e chehardahom be gozaresh Maktab Shahpure [Mashhad at the beginning of the fourteenth solar century: famous according to the report of the Shahpur school]. Mashhad: Ahang- e Ghalam.
Mokhles, F. (2017). The Muti-Nucleus Structure of Moroccan Medinas. Journal of Art and Civilization of the Orient, 5(16), 15-22.
Moroni, S. & Cozzolino, S. (2019). Action and the city. Emergence, complexity, planning. Cities, 90, 42-51.
Moroni, S. (2015). Complexity and the inherent limits of explanation and prediction. Planning Theory, 14(3), 248-276.
Nilufar, F.( 2010). Urban Morphology of Dhaka City: Spatial Dynamics of Growing City and the Urban Cor Presented in the International Seminar on the Celebration of 400 Years of the Capital Dhaka, Asiatic Society, February 2010, Dhaka.
Rezvani A. R. (2005). In search of urban identity of Mashhad. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development.
Şefika Şule, E. & Nihan, P. (2019). Chaos, Complexity and Leadership 2017 Explorations of Chaos and Complexity Theory. Germany:Springer.
Seyedi, M. (1999). Tarikh-e Mashhad (az aghaz ta Mashrooteh) [History of the city of Mashhad from the beginning to the constitution]. Tehran: Jami Publications.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
Volume 15, Issue 63
July 2023
Pages 26-37

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics