NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 9 40 2017 10 23 Dominated Landscape Dominated Landscape 3 3 59531 FA Seyed-Amir Mansouri 0000-0002-2865-6859 Journal Article 2018 03 14 For years and years, trees have been a haven for the streams which were flowing from neighborhood’s spring down to the fields. A row of trees shone their shadow, so selflessly that they would return to their lords, what was trusted to them. The landscape of the spiral streams, derived from the shape of the earth and attracts any talented soul. The poets and artists of this land repeatedly portrayed scenes from this perspective in their works to express the experience that they have endured. People of the flow (river), understand the water (Sohrab sepehri) Sit by the river and watch the passage of the life (Hafeez) Water is the waving mirror of love (Fereidoon moshiri) Look how languishing the water flows (Iqbal) The stream you see flowing by your feet/ is the tears I shed after your departure. Shāh Ni'matullāh Wali One in the meadow by the river/ and the other in agony with him. Roomi Gradually, this landscape became a common symbol of Iranians memories. Modern life however brought about a different destination for it. Emergence of cement and Stone Rivers, prevented trees roots from water. In appearance, the rivers became more impenetrable to maintain water and as a result the trees died out of thirst and they were cut down one by one. This foolishness had two eminent tolls. First the water faced his foe, the sun and vaporized as much as it would have sunk to the ground. Second Iranians symbolic landscape was destroyed. The modern parks and gardens, despite of having vast green landscapes, raise no memories and excitement in one’s heart. This is when we understand the value of motherland’s natural gems. Persian landscape that was dominated by the technology as well as less qualified perspective, became alike a precious handymade carpet. For years and years, trees have been a haven for the streams which were flowing from neighborhood’s spring down to the fields. A row of trees shone their shadow, so selflessly that they would return to their lords, what was trusted to them. The landscape of the spiral streams, derived from the shape of the earth and attracts any talented soul. The poets and artists of this land repeatedly portrayed scenes from this perspective in their works to express the experience that they have endured. People of the flow (river), understand the water (Sohrab sepehri) Sit by the river and watch the passage of the life (Hafeez) Water is the waving mirror of love (Fereidoon moshiri) Look how languishing the water flows (Iqbal) The stream you see flowing by your feet/ is the tears I shed after your departure. Shāh Ni'matullāh Wali One in the meadow by the river/ and the other in agony with him. Roomi Gradually, this landscape became a common symbol of Iranians memories. Modern life however brought about a different destination for it. Emergence of cement and Stone Rivers, prevented trees roots from water. In appearance, the rivers became more impenetrable to maintain water and as a result the trees died out of thirst and they were cut down one by one. This foolishness had two eminent tolls. First the water faced his foe, the sun and vaporized as much as it would have sunk to the ground. Second Iranians symbolic landscape was destroyed. The modern parks and gardens, despite of having vast green landscapes, raise no memories and excitement in one’s heart. This is when we understand the value of motherland’s natural gems. Persian landscape that was dominated by the technology as well as less qualified perspective, became alike a precious handymade carpet. https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_59531_e2fe7fffb2a4b9aff9a3a9c05827a1c3.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 9 40 2017 10 23 The Role of Signs in Intensifying the Sense of Place in Persian Garden The Role of Signs in Intensifying the Sense of Place in Persian Garden 6 15 59532 FA Mehdi Haghighatbin Tarbiat Modares University. 0000-0001-8910-2967 Journal Article 2018 03 14 The advent of Islam in Iran and other parts of the world was advocated by notions such as human equality, freedom of opinion, etc., which was highly accepted and welcomed by different suppressed classes of society in that era. Through the practice of Islamic ideology, Muslim artists transformed the art and architecture tremendously, mostly in the fields of language, expression, principles, attributes, and association of these concepts to Quran, the principles of Islam and the traditions of the Prophet. The most significant concept that was introduced after the advent of Islam was the concept of paradise which led to an evolutional transformation in gardening. According to Islamic trainings, the plants are highly valued. Paradise in Quran is described as a garden covered with dense vegetation promised to the righteous people. This concept (paradise) led to a considerable transformation in Persian gardening after Islam. This paper aims at visualizing paradise in Persian garden and using symbols and signs to intensify the sense of place in the garden as replica of heavenly paradise. It is a descriptive-analytical research in which the information and data were collected using library resources. The advent of Islam in Iran and other parts of the world was advocated by notions such as human equality, freedom of opinion, etc., which was highly accepted and welcomed by different suppressed classes of society in that era. Through the practice of Islamic ideology, Muslim artists transformed the art and architecture tremendously, mostly in the fields of language, expression, principles, attributes, and association of these concepts to Quran, the principles of Islam and the traditions of the Prophet. The most significant concept that was introduced after the advent of Islam was the concept of paradise which led to an evolutional transformation in gardening. According to Islamic trainings, the plants are highly valued. Paradise in Quran is described as a garden covered with dense vegetation promised to the righteous people. This concept (paradise) led to a considerable transformation in Persian gardening after Islam. This paper aims at visualizing paradise in Persian garden and using symbols and signs to intensify the sense of place in the garden as replica of heavenly paradise. It is a descriptive-analytical research in which the information and data were collected using library resources.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_59532_9e7a4b03d1700c90c84c3cd490977ceb.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 9 40 2017 10 23 The spectrum of landscape meanings and its equivalents in Persian language The spectrum of landscape meanings and its equivalents in Persian language 16 21 59534 FA Seyed-Amir Mansouri 0000-0002-2865-6859 Farnoosh Mokhles 0000-0002-5679-284X Journal Article 2018 03 14 The word ‘Landscape1’ is an ancient and widely used terminology which denotes different meanings in different school of thoughts. Even though over the course of time it has been emerged in different forms, it and all its associated forms of the word signify a single meaning. The history of Iranian linguistics and anthropology shows that people have been conscious of landscape and its conceptualization. Landscape in Persian language is equivalent to "Manzar". Landscape and its group of equivalent words in Iranian sources date back to early Islamic centuries. Attention to different layers of the meaning of the landscape and has led to Persian word coinage. Although all words apparently explain "a scene in front of an observer", they are differently conceptualized. There seems to be a hierarchy of meaning systems which begins with a neutral and non-moving image in front of a human being and ends with a dynamic, human-dependent image. The emergence of Iranian gardens since the first millennium BC, as landscape artifacts reflecting the interpretation of the nature, shows that landscape has received attention in an old and rich culture of Iran. This article reviews the pertinent literature of the word landscape in Persian language and shows how it is represented in Iranian civilization. The word ‘Landscape1’ is an ancient and widely used terminology which denotes different meanings in different school of thoughts. Even though over the course of time it has been emerged in different forms, it and all its associated forms of the word signify a single meaning. The history of Iranian linguistics and anthropology shows that people have been conscious of landscape and its conceptualization. Landscape in Persian language is equivalent to "Manzar". Landscape and its group of equivalent words in Iranian sources date back to early Islamic centuries. Attention to different layers of the meaning of the landscape and has led to Persian word coinage. Although all words apparently explain "a scene in front of an observer", they are differently conceptualized. There seems to be a hierarchy of meaning systems which begins with a neutral and non-moving image in front of a human being and ends with a dynamic, human-dependent image. The emergence of Iranian gardens since the first millennium BC, as landscape artifacts reflecting the interpretation of the nature, shows that landscape has received attention in an old and rich culture of Iran. This article reviews the pertinent literature of the word landscape in Persian language and shows how it is represented in Iranian civilization.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_59534_c7b0df87625823112080a12935cab528.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 9 40 2017 10 23 The Mall in Urban Landscape; Are they Structural or Deconstructing Equipment? The Mall in Urban Landscape; Are they Structural or Deconstructing Equipment? 22 29 59533 FA Nathalie Lemarchand ProfessorDirector-Assistant, University of Paris 8, UMR Ladyss. Journal Article 2018 03 14 Today, Shopping centers are considered as significant urban amenities whose most important feature is to provide a "place" that are used for production purpose in some societies and with consumption purpose in some others. A deep scrutiny in the history of these shopping centers reveals their cultural origins of their formation during modernity; a course that configured different segments of urban life in isolation. The first shopping centers were built in suburban areas which attracted citizens not only for leisure and shopping purposes, but also for dwelling in suburbs. Gradually, with the advent technology, the second generation of these buildings acquired their own style of architecture and became design subjects for architects. As a result of suburbanization, the government and the urban managers were made to locate the third generation of these shopping centers into central city districts. This solution aimed at solving the problems of suburbanization with certain mechanisms; and consequently the shopping centers were relocated in central parts of the cities. However, with their modernist origins, the shopping centers were influenced by technological advancements, and influenced their surroundings at the same time. These centers are criticized due to distortion of local businesses, the abolishment of indigenous identities and various subcultures as a result of modernity. Although the advancement and development of shopping centers are considered as a process of globalization in the international community, it should be noted that commercial centers did not initiate the international business in the world. Trading has been long practiced in big urban markets, the routes of international convoys and chain stores, from ancient Greece and Middle East to the modern era. Today, commercial centers are considered as important means of urbanization due to their various social and cultural aspects. The transformation of the public shopping area into a closed private space, the creation of social and cultural events, the formation of social norms and the configuration of modernism symbol are the various aspects of these centers. Hence, it should be noted that not only are shopping centers a part of urban landscape, but also they configure urban landscape; presenting a new style of architecture, changing the consumption and society norms and becoming an integral amenity of the city. Today, Shopping centers are considered as significant urban amenities whose most important feature is to provide a "place" that are used for production purpose in some societies and with consumption purpose in some others. A deep scrutiny in the history of these shopping centers reveals their cultural origins of their formation during modernity; a course that configured different segments of urban life in isolation. The first shopping centers were built in suburban areas which attracted citizens not only for leisure and shopping purposes, but also for dwelling in suburbs. Gradually, with the advent technology, the second generation of these buildings acquired their own style of architecture and became design subjects for architects. As a result of suburbanization, the government and the urban managers were made to locate the third generation of these shopping centers into central city districts. This solution aimed at solving the problems of suburbanization with certain mechanisms; and consequently the shopping centers were relocated in central parts of the cities. However, with their modernist origins, the shopping centers were influenced by technological advancements, and influenced their surroundings at the same time. These centers are criticized due to distortion of local businesses, the abolishment of indigenous identities and various subcultures as a result of modernity. Although the advancement and development of shopping centers are considered as a process of globalization in the international community, it should be noted that commercial centers did not initiate the international business in the world. Trading has been long practiced in big urban markets, the routes of international convoys and chain stores, from ancient Greece and Middle East to the modern era. Today, commercial centers are considered as important means of urbanization due to their various social and cultural aspects. The transformation of the public shopping area into a closed private space, the creation of social and cultural events, the formation of social norms and the configuration of modernism symbol are the various aspects of these centers. Hence, it should be noted that not only are shopping centers a part of urban landscape, but also they configure urban landscape; presenting a new style of architecture, changing the consumption and society norms and becoming an integral amenity of the city.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_59533_4aed1c032ed18bc0543492af4181f98f.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 9 40 2017 10 23 The Evaluation of Co-Presence Pattern in the New Social Spaces; (Case Study: Kourosh Mega Mall) The Evaluation of Co-Presence Pattern in the New Social Spaces; (Case Study: Kourosh Mega Mall) 30 41 59535 FA Abbas Azari Ph.D. Candidate in Urbanism, Nazar Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Naser Barati Associate Professor, Faculty of Urban Planning & Architecture, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin. Mehdi Mirmoini Urban Planning Department, Architecture and Urban Planning Faculty, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2018 03 14 Throughout history, urban space has functioned as a meeting place on many levels for city dwellers. People met, exchanged news, made deals, and arranged marriages- street artists entertained and goods were offered for sale. People attended Large and small city events. Processions were held, power was manifested, parties and punishments held publicly - everything was carried out in full public view. The city was the meeting place. But today these social places are decreasing and instead new social spaces like mega shopping malls are being constructed in cities, thus making sure these spaces work properly to attract human interactions is very important. The aim of this article is to introduce new methods to understand and model human (agents) behavior and co-presence patterns. Unfortunately, at the moment there are no good methods used in Iran to understand and predict co-presence patterns in public spaces, as a result in this article two methods, space syntax and mobile cellular data were examined based on agent based modeling theory and their role in understanding patterns of co-presence was reviewed. Then the case study of Kourosh shopping mall was analyzed through these methods. The results show that the southern part of the complex has more capabilities for social gatherings and events and also that the peak of human traffic in a day in this complex is 7 PM., the most crowded days of the week are Thursdays and Fridays and that the first and last days of the month are actually the busiest days of the complex. In the end it was concluded that these methods can shed light upon our decision making process to have better quality of life with improving new social spaces. Throughout history, urban space has functioned as a meeting place on many levels for city dwellers. People met, exchanged news, made deals, and arranged marriages- street artists entertained and goods were offered for sale. People attended Large and small city events. Processions were held, power was manifested, parties and punishments held publicly - everything was carried out in full public view. The city was the meeting place. But today these social places are decreasing and instead new social spaces like mega shopping malls are being constructed in cities, thus making sure these spaces work properly to attract human interactions is very important. The aim of this article is to introduce new methods to understand and model human (agents) behavior and co-presence patterns. Unfortunately, at the moment there are no good methods used in Iran to understand and predict co-presence patterns in public spaces, as a result in this article two methods, space syntax and mobile cellular data were examined based on agent based modeling theory and their role in understanding patterns of co-presence was reviewed. Then the case study of Kourosh shopping mall was analyzed through these methods. The results show that the southern part of the complex has more capabilities for social gatherings and events and also that the peak of human traffic in a day in this complex is 7 PM., the most crowded days of the week are Thursdays and Fridays and that the first and last days of the month are actually the busiest days of the complex. In the end it was concluded that these methods can shed light upon our decision making process to have better quality of life with improving new social spaces.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_59535_24285ac5fdc310a2a0b518e5d86cd608.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 9 40 2017 10 23 Malls: a Modern Revelation of Public Space in Tehran Malls: a Modern Revelation of Public Space in Tehran 42 53 59536 FA Shahrzad Khademi Ph.D candidate in Landscape Architecture, Nazar research laboratory, Iran and University of Paris8, France. Sara Alipour Ph.D candidate in Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch. Journal Article 2018 03 14 With the rapid growth of cities, the lack of efficient urban management, and the volume of construction that generally takes place without considering comprehensive plans and urban landscapes and expenses which goes to the town hall, our cities have been transformed into massive spaces that have been completely overlooked in terms of mass-space proportion. On the other hand, the disappearance of public spaces and lapses, which were a place for collective experience and socialization practices, and even the experience of a place, changed the face and the essence of the city into spaces without any quality and merely a physical and spiritless shell. This excessive expansion, which mandates consumerism and lofty demand, led the shopping centers to morph toward malls and mega malls, an area which has always been a place for the critique of urban area researchers and critics of modern architecture. The main objective of this research is to review these spaces from a new perspective. How to use the potentials of these new spaces? And whether malls can contribute to the formation of new kinds of public spaces? Although the reviews attributed to these spaces can be considered in diverse areas and the challenges posed can be studied, it seems that, in spite of the theories about the malls and the need to eliminate or marginalize these spaces in the city, in the last decade, we are faced with a kind of transformation in The function and even the concept of such spaces for the new generation of Iranian urbanites. After field surveys and the classification of observations by a descriptive and analytical method on four major commercial malls in Tehran, it was concluded that, these spaces, in addition to the spatial function and the role played in meeting the needs of a region, are transformed into A club or meeting circle, and perform as a place for social gatherings in the urban space of Tehran. With the rapid growth of cities, the lack of efficient urban management, and the volume of construction that generally takes place without considering comprehensive plans and urban landscapes and expenses which goes to the town hall, our cities have been transformed into massive spaces that have been completely overlooked in terms of mass-space proportion. On the other hand, the disappearance of public spaces and lapses, which were a place for collective experience and socialization practices, and even the experience of a place, changed the face and the essence of the city into spaces without any quality and merely a physical and spiritless shell. This excessive expansion, which mandates consumerism and lofty demand, led the shopping centers to morph toward malls and mega malls, an area which has always been a place for the critique of urban area researchers and critics of modern architecture. The main objective of this research is to review these spaces from a new perspective. How to use the potentials of these new spaces? And whether malls can contribute to the formation of new kinds of public spaces? Although the reviews attributed to these spaces can be considered in diverse areas and the challenges posed can be studied, it seems that, in spite of the theories about the malls and the need to eliminate or marginalize these spaces in the city, in the last decade, we are faced with a kind of transformation in The function and even the concept of such spaces for the new generation of Iranian urbanites. After field surveys and the classification of observations by a descriptive and analytical method on four major commercial malls in Tehran, it was concluded that, these spaces, in addition to the spatial function and the role played in meeting the needs of a region, are transformed into A club or meeting circle, and perform as a place for social gatherings in the urban space of Tehran.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_59536_030610744bf18ba3e8df369e2c8a151f.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 9 40 2017 10 23 Spaces’ Livability in Modern Commercial Centers Spaces’ Livability in Modern Commercial Centers 54 67 59537 FA Elham Nahavandi Ph.D Candidate in Urbanism, Nazar Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Elham Zabetian Ph.D Candidate in Urbanism, Nazar Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Pour Ahmad Ph. D in Geography and urban planning, Head of Geography Faculty of Tehran University Reza Kheyroddin Ph.D in urbanism, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2018 03 14 Support spaces in shopping centers (playgrounds, food court and the like) were first created to serve the booming of the business in such centers. But, they gradually were turned to direct destinations for human activities meaning that the visitors, having no intention to buy, spend some of their leisure time in these shopping centers for such purposes as amusement and social interaction and so on and, in fact, a sort of novel public space is formed in the business centers. It seems that the main reason why these places have been transformed is their livability. Thus, the present study’s primary hypothesis is that “the newly-formed public support spaces are lively and this livability causes functional shifting of these spaces from dependency on active spaces to semi-public urban spaces”. The present study aims to identify, within the format of a conceptual model, the factors contributing to livability in the support spaces of the business centers. The present study is a qualitative survey and, in line with this, after performing documentary research and reviewing the relevant experiences, the related concepts were, in the first step, extracted in the form of livability aspects and variables; then, in a second step, in the survey study stage, five commercial blocks, as examples of more successful complexes in terms of livability and attraction of the visitors, not business clients, to spend their leisure time in their support spaces were selected according to the geographical scattering diversity in Tehran. Next, observations and deep interviews were carried out for each of the case samples to extract the aforementioned variables giving rise to support spaces’ livability. The results of the study indicated that there are two major branches for the livability of the support urban spaces in the modern commercial buildings: convenience and semi-public nature of them. Thus, the collection of the effective indicators was offered within the format of a conceptual model to assess livability of the modern commercial blocks’ support spaces. The study hypothesis was approved according to a qualitative analysis undertaken in the survey research based on the functional independence of such spaces in modern commercial buildings. Finally, the questions raised herein were answered and suggestions were made regarding the methods of enhancing livability of the support spaces in such public spaces. Support spaces in shopping centers (playgrounds, food court and the like) were first created to serve the booming of the business in such centers. But, they gradually were turned to direct destinations for human activities meaning that the visitors, having no intention to buy, spend some of their leisure time in these shopping centers for such purposes as amusement and social interaction and so on and, in fact, a sort of novel public space is formed in the business centers. It seems that the main reason why these places have been transformed is their livability. Thus, the present study’s primary hypothesis is that “the newly-formed public support spaces are lively and this livability causes functional shifting of these spaces from dependency on active spaces to semi-public urban spaces”. The present study aims to identify, within the format of a conceptual model, the factors contributing to livability in the support spaces of the business centers. The present study is a qualitative survey and, in line with this, after performing documentary research and reviewing the relevant experiences, the related concepts were, in the first step, extracted in the form of livability aspects and variables; then, in a second step, in the survey study stage, five commercial blocks, as examples of more successful complexes in terms of livability and attraction of the visitors, not business clients, to spend their leisure time in their support spaces were selected according to the geographical scattering diversity in Tehran. Next, observations and deep interviews were carried out for each of the case samples to extract the aforementioned variables giving rise to support spaces’ livability. The results of the study indicated that there are two major branches for the livability of the support urban spaces in the modern commercial buildings: convenience and semi-public nature of them. Thus, the collection of the effective indicators was offered within the format of a conceptual model to assess livability of the modern commercial blocks’ support spaces. The study hypothesis was approved according to a qualitative analysis undertaken in the survey research based on the functional independence of such spaces in modern commercial buildings. Finally, the questions raised herein were answered and suggestions were made regarding the methods of enhancing livability of the support spaces in such public spaces.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_59537_e33beac875ea9bfa499fe75ffa71f2a1.pdf