NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 17 70 2025 03 21 Calamities of Development Calamities of Development 3 3 217748 10.22034/manzar.2025.217748 FA Seyed Amir Mansouri Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2865-6859 Journal Article 2025 03 20 The 19th century was the time when the colonization of Eastern and African nations by Westerners expedited and became promoted under the title of development and civilization. The literal meaning of colonialism signifies civilization and development, and this conceptualization per se has a positive connotation. Since the consequences of alleged civilization were revealed to the colonized nations, colonialism has turned into a term with a negative connotation. The colonization had consequences for local communities while benefiting the colonists. The term development faced the same destiny. When the classical colonial method came to an end, superpowers pursued the same goal in the guise of development companies. In the twentieth century, development programs were ordered to make weak countries ready for the consumption of Western goods. The desperate desire to accrue benefits from raw resources resulted in a variety of pollution and unwarranted consumption of resources between generations. The Western world, which was the main culprit of unbalanced development and successive damage to society and the environment, attempted to alleviate the environmental damage caused by development programs. For this purpose, more precise conditions were defined for development from the middle of the twentieth century and slowly addressed social and cultural disorders with a new definition of development. A century ago, succeeding the coup of Reza Khan, Iran was reigned by a modern government whose concern was development. This incident coincided with the discovery of oil and the special importance of Iran's geopolitical position for the United States and the Soviet Union. Except for some details, the development programs of Iran followed the same trend in the first Pahlavi period, the National Government (1920-32), the second Pahlavi period, and the Islamic Republic. Despite the striking difference in political attitudes in each period, the rationale for this can be justified by the ambiguity of the concept of development which has been defined as an absolute matter that can be addressed by any method. During those periods, a variety of development including economic development programs were prepared under the advice of Western countries or implemented under the guise of socio-economic development programs. After a century when the development was introduced, its remained calamities have become so tangible that the public demands a change in development. Since the 1960s, sustainable development as the flagship of desirable development has been newly discovered. Reforming the conceptualization of development, highlighting human life material survival, and the environment, has had desirable achievements. Over two decades, attempts have been made to have an all-inclusive interpretation of sustainable development by focusing on social and cultural aspects of development. For this purpose, supplementary and existing documents have been prepared. That means that the deficiencies of the development methodology are met through separate annexes. This method has been practiced by the current regulations of Iran for development projects under the title of environmental, social, and cultural annexes. This effort has had only a little impact on the harms of development in Iran and the calamities of development in neglected scales still exist. The reason is that the annexes are based on the components that directly deal with the subdivision issues of the annexes rather than adopting a holistic view. Subdivision development views the land independently from its context parts including discrete items lacking wholeness. Thus, the environment in this approach is regarded as the biological field, the social aspect is limited to selected indicators, and the cultural dimension just presents civilizational symbols.Even though development projects all over the country have been successful in terms of economic aspects, they have had harmful peripheral effects on the land and human society. Such consequences are attributed to the persistence of the ex-form of development in Iran. These harmful projects continue to exist while concealing the association between the suffering of the local community and the development program. Camp B in Imam Khomeini Port is a neighborhood that remained from Mahshahr Petrochemical Company fifty years ago, which was the place in which Japanese workers were settled. Through several stages, war victims and immigrants were accommodated there and the residential part of the port was formed in the historical heart of Sarbandar. This area was a residential place when Sarbandar was just a wasteland. Today, compared to other areas that have average standards of living, Sarbandar is undeveloped due to the imposed uncertainty over land ownership. The government has not provided the needed conventional infrastructure and the city’s wide and out-of-scale streets are suitable for the traffic of heavy petrochemical machinery. The interpretation of the fifty-year management of Camp B suggests that this neighborhood was not built for human life but for the settlement (or housing) of petrochemical workers; the residents are treated as a commodity aligned with the interests of the authorities (petrochemicals), the other necessities and commodities of this huge project have received the same treatment. The practicality of the commodity (here, the residents) is not the concern, but rather the ownership interests determine the amount of services residents are provided with. It can be said that the residents and large parts of other stakeholders have a passive and minor (objective) role in the creation and activity of the development project, and their rights and independence, which define their active role and subjectivity, are secondary. Recently, during another development program, under the guise of supporting the deprived residents of Camp B, the Housing Foundation, in a unilateral, centralized, and unconcerned process, has taken the initiative to renovate the neighborhood, which has imposed double hardship on the residents. It has demolished the shacks of one group under the name of in-situ construction and another group in exchange for land, and by implementing a plan that does not conform to the conditions of the area, it has started a large project that neither the residents nor the residents can complete. The new conditions of the neighborhood are far from the shantytown that it was during the As shown by Negin Bojani in the photo on the cover, the new neighborhood Kapar is a more flimsy shelter than before, which has been bestowed upon a citizen in the wasteland of development and the concrete skeleton of the brigade. This oppressed citizen has lost his neighbors but is also coerced to dwell in a house that is called permanently temporary in a provisional bed with no complete infrastructure. This is a kind of gradual death that is the fatwa of the development program. Amendment of such conventional corruptions of development using the annexation method is impossible. The subject of development must be a single category and subdivision project development should be avoided. The "place" is the unity of geography with its civilization, which is called the territory, and can be the subject of development. In this case, subdivision projects will be considered measures of the macro and unitary development process in which the preservation of the interests of the territory is the criterion of their amendment. The 19th century was the time when the colonization of Eastern and African nations by Westerners expedited and became promoted under the title of development and civilization. The literal meaning of colonialism signifies civilization and development, and this conceptualization per se has a positive connotation. Since the consequences of alleged civilization were revealed to the colonized nations, colonialism has turned into a term with a negative connotation. The colonization had consequences for local communities while benefiting the colonists. The term development faced the same destiny. When the classical colonial method came to an end, superpowers pursued the same goal in the guise of development companies. In the twentieth century, development programs were ordered to make weak countries ready for the consumption of Western goods. The desperate desire to accrue benefits from raw resources resulted in a variety of pollution and unwarranted consumption of resources between generations. The Western world, which was the main culprit of unbalanced development and successive damage to society and the environment, attempted to alleviate the environmental damage caused by development programs. For this purpose, more precise conditions were defined for development from the middle of the twentieth century and slowly addressed social and cultural disorders with a new definition of development. A century ago, succeeding the coup of Reza Khan, Iran was reigned by a modern government whose concern was development. This incident coincided with the discovery of oil and the special importance of Iran's geopolitical position for the United States and the Soviet Union. Except for some details, the development programs of Iran followed the same trend in the first Pahlavi period, the National Government (1920-32), the second Pahlavi period, and the Islamic Republic. Despite the striking difference in political attitudes in each period, the rationale for this can be justified by the ambiguity of the concept of development which has been defined as an absolute matter that can be addressed by any method. During those periods, a variety of development including economic development programs were prepared under the advice of Western countries or implemented under the guise of socio-economic development programs. After a century when the development was introduced, its remained calamities have become so tangible that the public demands a change in development. Since the 1960s, sustainable development as the flagship of desirable development has been newly discovered. Reforming the conceptualization of development, highlighting human life material survival, and the environment, has had desirable achievements. Over two decades, attempts have been made to have an all-inclusive interpretation of sustainable development by focusing on social and cultural aspects of development. For this purpose, supplementary and existing documents have been prepared. That means that the deficiencies of the development methodology are met through separate annexes. This method has been practiced by the current regulations of Iran for development projects under the title of environmental, social, and cultural annexes. This effort has had only a little impact on the harms of development in Iran and the calamities of development in neglected scales still exist. The reason is that the annexes are based on the components that directly deal with the subdivision issues of the annexes rather than adopting a holistic view. Subdivision development views the land independently from its context parts including discrete items lacking wholeness. Thus, the environment in this approach is regarded as the biological field, the social aspect is limited to selected indicators, and the cultural dimension just presents civilizational symbols.Even though development projects all over the country have been successful in terms of economic aspects, they have had harmful peripheral effects on the land and human society. Such consequences are attributed to the persistence of the ex-form of development in Iran. These harmful projects continue to exist while concealing the association between the suffering of the local community and the development program. Camp B in Imam Khomeini Port is a neighborhood that remained from Mahshahr Petrochemical Company fifty years ago, which was the place in which Japanese workers were settled. Through several stages, war victims and immigrants were accommodated there and the residential part of the port was formed in the historical heart of Sarbandar. This area was a residential place when Sarbandar was just a wasteland. Today, compared to other areas that have average standards of living, Sarbandar is undeveloped due to the imposed uncertainty over land ownership. The government has not provided the needed conventional infrastructure and the city’s wide and out-of-scale streets are suitable for the traffic of heavy petrochemical machinery. The interpretation of the fifty-year management of Camp B suggests that this neighborhood was not built for human life but for the settlement (or housing) of petrochemical workers; the residents are treated as a commodity aligned with the interests of the authorities (petrochemicals), the other necessities and commodities of this huge project have received the same treatment. The practicality of the commodity (here, the residents) is not the concern, but rather the ownership interests determine the amount of services residents are provided with. It can be said that the residents and large parts of other stakeholders have a passive and minor (objective) role in the creation and activity of the development project, and their rights and independence, which define their active role and subjectivity, are secondary. Recently, during another development program, under the guise of supporting the deprived residents of Camp B, the Housing Foundation, in a unilateral, centralized, and unconcerned process, has taken the initiative to renovate the neighborhood, which has imposed double hardship on the residents. It has demolished the shacks of one group under the name of in-situ construction and another group in exchange for land, and by implementing a plan that does not conform to the conditions of the area, it has started a large project that neither the residents nor the residents can complete. The new conditions of the neighborhood are far from the shantytown that it was during the As shown by Negin Bojani in the photo on the cover, the new neighborhood Kapar is a more flimsy shelter than before, which has been bestowed upon a citizen in the wasteland of development and the concrete skeleton of the brigade. This oppressed citizen has lost his neighbors but is also coerced to dwell in a house that is called permanently temporary in a provisional bed with no complete infrastructure. This is a kind of gradual death that is the fatwa of the development program. Amendment of such conventional corruptions of development using the annexation method is impossible. The subject of development must be a single category and subdivision project development should be avoided. The "place" is the unity of geography with its civilization, which is called the territory, and can be the subject of development. In this case, subdivision projects will be considered measures of the macro and unitary development process in which the preservation of the interests of the territory is the criterion of their amendment.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_217748_82fc4d1c0286fdce808ff7abcbb11af5.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 17 70 2025 03 21 Reading the Principles and Patterns of the Persian Garden for Application in Contemporary Urban Green Spaces Reading the Principles and Patterns of the Persian Garden for Application in Contemporary Urban Green Spaces 6 15 217625 10.22034/manzar.2025.496337.2324 FA Fahimeh Barati Master of Science in Iranian Architecture Studies, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Art University of Isfahan, Iran. 0009-0006-3785-7018 Abouzar Salehi Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Art University of Isfahan, Iran. 0009-0008-7710-666X Armin Bahramian Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, Art University of Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0002-7029-3035 Journal Article 2025 01 01 Persian garden design, which began with the creation of the Pasargadae garden, continued until the Qajar period. However, during this era, the traditional Persian garden-making approach gradually faded into oblivion. In the Pahlavi period, the first modern green space, known as “Park-e Shahr”, was established. Today, due to the increasing psychological and mental health crises affecting modern humans, many scholars are seeking to restore the connection that has been lost between humans and nature. In Iran, efforts have been made in this regard; however, not only is there no clear approach to urban green space design, but the disconnection from the Persian garden and, more broadly, Persian architecture leads to a loss of Persian identity. This study aims first to analyze the principles and patterns of the Persian garden and then according to them, propose principles and patterns that can be adapted for contemporary green spaces. The research initially conducts a literature review to read the principles and patterns of the Persian garden. Then, using a descriptive-analytical method, the obtained data is analyzed to extract applicable principles and patterns for contemporary green spaces. Finally, considering the preservation of Persian identity and behavioralist theories, the study discusses the reasons for utilizing these patterns and how they can be used in contemporary urban green spaces. The study identifies principles and patterns from the Persian garden that, while preserving Persian identity, can also address the needs and behaviors of the modern era and be applied to contemporary green spaces. The principles are categorized into six key aspects. The patterns are divided into two categories: First, the Geometric pattern of the garden, which defines the overall layout, and second, the planting pattern, which is both influenced by and influences the garden’s geometry, shaping other elements within the space. Persian garden design, which began with the creation of the Pasargadae garden, continued until the Qajar period. However, during this era, the traditional Persian garden-making approach gradually faded into oblivion. In the Pahlavi period, the first modern green space, known as “Park-e Shahr”, was established. Today, due to the increasing psychological and mental health crises affecting modern humans, many scholars are seeking to restore the connection that has been lost between humans and nature. In Iran, efforts have been made in this regard; however, not only is there no clear approach to urban green space design, but the disconnection from the Persian garden and, more broadly, Persian architecture leads to a loss of Persian identity. This study aims first to analyze the principles and patterns of the Persian garden and then according to them, propose principles and patterns that can be adapted for contemporary green spaces. The research initially conducts a literature review to read the principles and patterns of the Persian garden. Then, using a descriptive-analytical method, the obtained data is analyzed to extract applicable principles and patterns for contemporary green spaces. Finally, considering the preservation of Persian identity and behavioralist theories, the study discusses the reasons for utilizing these patterns and how they can be used in contemporary urban green spaces. The study identifies principles and patterns from the Persian garden that, while preserving Persian identity, can also address the needs and behaviors of the modern era and be applied to contemporary green spaces. The principles are categorized into six key aspects. The patterns are divided into two categories: First, the Geometric pattern of the garden, which defines the overall layout, and second, the planting pattern, which is both influenced by and influences the garden’s geometry, shaping other elements within the space.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_217625_1e30660d3d4a1ef718608f33ac09d65c.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 17 70 2025 03 21 Explaining the Framework for Regenerating Urban Post-Industrial Landscapes Based on a Regenerative Design and Development Approach Explaining the Framework for Regenerating Urban Post-Industrial Landscapes Based on a Regenerative Design and Development Approach 16 25 211274 10.22034/manzar.2024.431411.2268 FA Samira Ahmadkhosravi M.A. Landscape Architecture, Department of Architecture, School of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University, Iran. 0000-0002-8491-3995 Mehdi Sheibani Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture & Reconstruction, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Sara Daneshmand Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University, Iran. 0000-0002-8065-4009 Amin Habibi Associate Professor, Department of Architecture , School of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University, Iran. 0000-0002-3872-1220 Journal Article 2023 12 19 Post-industrial landscapes with identity values are recognized as cultural heritage of the modern era. These areas have been damaged socially, economically, and environmentally, and have created an unsuitable visual landscape. Various interventions have been made in these areas, but due to the complexity of these landscapes and the damage to the ecosystem, a comprehensive approach is needed. This approach should preserve the industrial heritage values, repair past damages, and improve the mutual interaction between humans and nature. The “regenerative design and development” approach, employing a “comprehensive” and “systematic” view, uses the system’s intrinsic resources to create restoration and regeneration that leads to the integration of human society’s needs and nature. The research aims to provide a comprehensive framework for regenerating post-industrial landscapes with a regenerative approach. In this study, the influential factors in regenerating post-industrial landscapes in previous methods were analyzed and compared with the effective trends in the regenerative approach and were enhanced. Then, using the Perkins + Will framework, as one of the practical regenerative frameworks, a comprehensive and innovative framework for regenerating post-industrial landscapes was presented. This framework is a multi-layered diagram consisting of a core and several rings, based on which policies and strategies for the design and development of post-industrial landscapes are provided. In this framework, “place” is the core of the system, the first ring is “place assessment dimensions,” the second ring is “effective trends” in regenerating post-industrial landscapes, the third ring is “sub-trends,” and the fourth ring is the “ecosystem.” According to the research findings, the effective trends in regenerating post-industrial landscapes include 12 trends: biodiversity, community, economy, culture, education, aesthetics, health, participation, infrastructure, materials, energy, and water. This framework can be applied to regenerate post-industrial sites ranging from a small workshop to a large industrial complex. Post-industrial landscapes with identity values are recognized as cultural heritage of the modern era. These areas have been damaged socially, economically, and environmentally, and have created an unsuitable visual landscape. Various interventions have been made in these areas, but due to the complexity of these landscapes and the damage to the ecosystem, a comprehensive approach is needed. This approach should preserve the industrial heritage values, repair past damages, and improve the mutual interaction between humans and nature. The “regenerative design and development” approach, employing a “comprehensive” and “systematic” view, uses the system’s intrinsic resources to create restoration and regeneration that leads to the integration of human society’s needs and nature. The research aims to provide a comprehensive framework for regenerating post-industrial landscapes with a regenerative approach. In this study, the influential factors in regenerating post-industrial landscapes in previous methods were analyzed and compared with the effective trends in the regenerative approach and were enhanced. Then, using the Perkins + Will framework, as one of the practical regenerative frameworks, a comprehensive and innovative framework for regenerating post-industrial landscapes was presented. This framework is a multi-layered diagram consisting of a core and several rings, based on which policies and strategies for the design and development of post-industrial landscapes are provided. In this framework, “place” is the core of the system, the first ring is “place assessment dimensions,” the second ring is “effective trends” in regenerating post-industrial landscapes, the third ring is “sub-trends,” and the fourth ring is the “ecosystem.” According to the research findings, the effective trends in regenerating post-industrial landscapes include 12 trends: biodiversity, community, economy, culture, education, aesthetics, health, participation, infrastructure, materials, energy, and water. This framework can be applied to regenerate post-industrial sites ranging from a small workshop to a large industrial complex.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_211274_b05bfd3fd307ffadb35b4348b94fcd6a.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 17 70 2025 03 21 Strategies to Mitigate Drought and Water Stress in Tehran through Nature-based Solutions (NbS), A Decision-making Based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) Strategies to Mitigate Drought and Water Stress in Tehran through Nature-based Solutions (NbS), A Decision-making Based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) 26 33 211565 10.22034/manzar.2024.473280.2307 FA Parichehr Saboonchi Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-4805-2470 Morteza Khorsandnikoo Senior Lecturer of Lightweight Structures Department, Faculty of Architecture, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Mohammad Reza Masnavi Professor of Architecture & Environmental Design, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran. Heshmatollah Motedayen Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture Department, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 08 14 Drought and water stress in the metropolis of Tehran can adversely impact the environmental, social, economic, and political areas of life while increasing the vulnerability of the society and the city. Tehran’s resilience against drought has been exacerbated by a range of factors such as the management’s atomistical view of the integrated human-environmental system of the city, the loss of water resources, the disproportion between the change of land uses and the water capacities, as well as human interventions and the development of gray infrastructure. This situation has turned decision-making and identifying priorities regarding the water tension into a serious challenge. This research aims to provide multi-scale solutions to reduce drought based on the capacities of Tehran’s landscape and answer the question of what main risk reduction strategies can be adopted at the macro level and what appropriate tools are available at the micro level. To address this question, the experts’ opinions in collaborative panels were analyzed and the causes of Tehran’s vulnerability were identified through Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) and related-driven scenarios. The findings show that the strategies for encountering and reducing the consequences of drought in Tehran are a combination of nature-based and gray solutions. Changing urban management strategies, modifying population patterns and city development, restoring natural ecosystems, and changing the mentality of citizens towards the issue of water shortage are other proposed solutions. Among Nature-based Solutions (NbS), river valleys play a key role in modifying the city’s development pattern. Using these solutions requires the adoption of integrated strategies at the institutional-physical levels along with the promotion of social and economic programs. Drought and water stress in the metropolis of Tehran can adversely impact the environmental, social, economic, and political areas of life while increasing the vulnerability of the society and the city. Tehran’s resilience against drought has been exacerbated by a range of factors such as the management’s atomistical view of the integrated human-environmental system of the city, the loss of water resources, the disproportion between the change of land uses and the water capacities, as well as human interventions and the development of gray infrastructure. This situation has turned decision-making and identifying priorities regarding the water tension into a serious challenge. This research aims to provide multi-scale solutions to reduce drought based on the capacities of Tehran’s landscape and answer the question of what main risk reduction strategies can be adopted at the macro level and what appropriate tools are available at the micro level. To address this question, the experts’ opinions in collaborative panels were analyzed and the causes of Tehran’s vulnerability were identified through Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) and related-driven scenarios. The findings show that the strategies for encountering and reducing the consequences of drought in Tehran are a combination of nature-based and gray solutions. Changing urban management strategies, modifying population patterns and city development, restoring natural ecosystems, and changing the mentality of citizens towards the issue of water shortage are other proposed solutions. Among Nature-based Solutions (NbS), river valleys play a key role in modifying the city’s development pattern. Using these solutions requires the adoption of integrated strategies at the institutional-physical levels along with the promotion of social and economic programs.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_211565_478fcf30ebc95bb2df07710a7c953bca.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 17 70 2025 03 21 An Exploration of the Pre-Islamic Spatial Organization Evolution within the Historic City of Shushtar An Exploration of the Pre-Islamic Spatial Organization Evolution within the Historic City of Shushtar 34 43 211564 10.22034/manzar.2024.477793.2312 FA Arezou Afsharbagheri Ph.D.Candidate in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. 0009-0005-0261-0202 Ali Omranipour Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran and Kashan, Iran. Mohsen Vafamehr Professor, Department of Art & Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. Journal Article 2024 09 11 Until the Qajar Era, the historic city of Shushtar served as the administrative center of the Khuzestan plain. Water and the location of the river relative to the city influenced the city and the establishment of its core. This research employs a historical-interpretive method to investigate the historical impact of the natural elements of water and river, human-made urban elements, as well as agriculture and other water-related human activities concerning the spatial organization of this city. The research aims to explore these factors in several layers during the pre-Islamic era to represent the inner order and spatial organization of the city.The spatial organization of historic Shushtar was studied and interpreted by examining this historical era through studying historical documents, records, and evidence, as well as searching for events, occurrences, and conditions that influenced the emergence of this city in the pre-Islamic era. The interviews with experts were then utilized to verify the field observations and perceptions.This article concludes that water has played a significant role in forming the spatial organization of the city as an influential element in the prosperity of the region. The findings contradict previous archaeological findings, historical documents, and texts. Therefore, this study seeks to provide a more accurate picture of the city’s spatial organization during the pre-Islamic era by identifying stated contradictions. The research findings ultimately reveal that the natural elements of water and the Karun River were the main factors for settlement in the region. The initial point of the spatial organization formation of this city was the Shushtar city core, located at a strategic point compatible with the natural landscape and water elements. The religious values, economy, politics, needs, and life activities developed under the influence of said natural environment. Until the Qajar Era, the historic city of Shushtar served as the administrative center of the Khuzestan plain. Water and the location of the river relative to the city influenced the city and the establishment of its core. This research employs a historical-interpretive method to investigate the historical impact of the natural elements of water and river, human-made urban elements, as well as agriculture and other water-related human activities concerning the spatial organization of this city. The research aims to explore these factors in several layers during the pre-Islamic era to represent the inner order and spatial organization of the city.The spatial organization of historic Shushtar was studied and interpreted by examining this historical era through studying historical documents, records, and evidence, as well as searching for events, occurrences, and conditions that influenced the emergence of this city in the pre-Islamic era. The interviews with experts were then utilized to verify the field observations and perceptions.This article concludes that water has played a significant role in forming the spatial organization of the city as an influential element in the prosperity of the region. The findings contradict previous archaeological findings, historical documents, and texts. Therefore, this study seeks to provide a more accurate picture of the city’s spatial organization during the pre-Islamic era by identifying stated contradictions. The research findings ultimately reveal that the natural elements of water and the Karun River were the main factors for settlement in the region. The initial point of the spatial organization formation of this city was the Shushtar city core, located at a strategic point compatible with the natural landscape and water elements. The religious values, economy, politics, needs, and life activities developed under the influence of said natural environment.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_211564_98815d502fd3731e15d987948cf90237.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 17 70 2025 03 21 Simulating the Amount of lighting and Visibility to the Outside of the Space based on Two Parameters: Position and Elongation of the Opening Simulating the Amount of lighting and Visibility to the Outside of the Space based on Two Parameters: Position and Elongation of the Opening 44 51 215303 10.22034/manzar.2025.480475.2313 FA Alireza Goodarzi Ardekani Ph.D. Student in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran. Yaghowb Peyvastehgar Associate Professor of architecture and urban planning, Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran. 0000-0002-0284-4157 Aliakbar Heidari Associate Professor of Architecture, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran. Ali Mehboodi Assistant Professor of civil engineering, Faculty of Technical and Engineering Yasuj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran. Journal Article 2024 09 28 Problem Statement: Visibility of the surrounding environment for users requires sufficient light within the space, enabling individuals to perform their activities without eye strain. Additionally, natural light significantly impacts human health. Accordingly, openings, as sources of light and thermal comfort, play a pivotal role in architecture. The quality of window design can substantially affect the quality of indoor lighting and the extent of visibility from the interior to the exterior.This research aims to investigate the role of the position and proportions of openings in determining the quality of indoor lighting and the degree of visibility from inside to outside the space.To evaluate the level of illumination, daylight indicators such as the Daylight Factor (DF), Glare Index (Glare), were utilized. For assessing the visibility to the outside, a View Analysis method was employed. A rectangular space measuring 5×3 meters with a single window of 1×1 meters on its southern façade, located in Shiraz, was considered as the base model. A total of 22 case studies with varying positions and proportions of openings were selected as the study samples. Following simulation and analysis of the cases using Honeybee and Ladybug plugins, the results were analyzed to determine the optimal position and proportions for openings on the facade.The findings indicate that utilizing horizontally elongated openings located centrally on the facade provides the optimal conditions for both outdoor visibility and indoor daylighting. Problem Statement: Visibility of the surrounding environment for users requires sufficient light within the space, enabling individuals to perform their activities without eye strain. Additionally, natural light significantly impacts human health. Accordingly, openings, as sources of light and thermal comfort, play a pivotal role in architecture. The quality of window design can substantially affect the quality of indoor lighting and the extent of visibility from the interior to the exterior.This research aims to investigate the role of the position and proportions of openings in determining the quality of indoor lighting and the degree of visibility from inside to outside the space.To evaluate the level of illumination, daylight indicators such as the Daylight Factor (DF), Glare Index (Glare), were utilized. For assessing the visibility to the outside, a View Analysis method was employed. A rectangular space measuring 5×3 meters with a single window of 1×1 meters on its southern façade, located in Shiraz, was considered as the base model. A total of 22 case studies with varying positions and proportions of openings were selected as the study samples. Following simulation and analysis of the cases using Honeybee and Ladybug plugins, the results were analyzed to determine the optimal position and proportions for openings on the facade.The findings indicate that utilizing horizontally elongated openings located centrally on the facade provides the optimal conditions for both outdoor visibility and indoor daylighting.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_215303_09553147b36e266422a29bfb5dffdd68.pdf

NAZAR Research Center MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape 2008-7446 17 70 2025 03 21 The Evolution of Tehran’s Green Landscape through the Perspective of Orientalists from the Qajar Era to the First Pahlavi Period (1796- 1931 AD) The Evolution of Tehran’s Green Landscape through the Perspective of Orientalists from the Qajar Era to the First Pahlavi Period (1796- 1931 AD) 52 61 212229 10.22034/manzar.2024.485540.2316 FA Reihaneh Khorramrouei Ph.D. Candidate in Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2176-841X Seyed Amir Mansouri Associate Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-2865-6859 Mohsen Kafi Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Horticultural Sciences and Green Space Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-8271-8216 Journal Article 2024 10 26 Studying the writings of Orientalists and analyzing their underlying texts provides a criterion through which it is possible to trace landscape-related perceptions and, beyond that, access the thoughts and ideas of a nation. This approach enables the reconstruction of the mindset of people who lived, at a specific historical moment, in another national lived space. Such a mindset, apart from being influenced by the author’s personality and personal tendencies, is more broadly linked to the cultural, economic, social, political, and educational conditions as well as colonial tendencies of the time. The perception of a “mental landscape” is formed based on the cognitive distinction between the “self” (the observer, usually European) and the “other” (Tehran’s inhabitants or the city of Tehran itself). Accordingly, this study poses the question: How did Orientalists perceive Tehran’s green landscape from 1796 to 1931 AD?. The study identifies two approaches: a holistic approach and a fragmented approach. This categorization reveals that from the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar onward, orientalists’ focus shifted to the details of the green landscape, and their understanding of the overall system of the green landscape as a cohesive whole became less discernible. Only a few Orientalists superficially referenced Tehran’s climatic system, which led to a semi-nomadic lifestyle, and thereby depicted a fragmentary image of the city’s green landscape. It appears that the Orientalists’ focus on the details of the green landscape was influenced by the experience of European modernity in Tehran. This shift occurred within the framework of broader external systems, including the political powers of foreign governments and the interest of Iranian statesmen in the West. As a result, orientalists paid increasing attention to the details of Tehran’s green landscape, either through an authoritative, governance-driven perspective or from a political-cultural viewpoint. Studying the writings of Orientalists and analyzing their underlying texts provides a criterion through which it is possible to trace landscape-related perceptions and, beyond that, access the thoughts and ideas of a nation. This approach enables the reconstruction of the mindset of people who lived, at a specific historical moment, in another national lived space. Such a mindset, apart from being influenced by the author’s personality and personal tendencies, is more broadly linked to the cultural, economic, social, political, and educational conditions as well as colonial tendencies of the time. The perception of a “mental landscape” is formed based on the cognitive distinction between the “self” (the observer, usually European) and the “other” (Tehran’s inhabitants or the city of Tehran itself). Accordingly, this study poses the question: How did Orientalists perceive Tehran’s green landscape from 1796 to 1931 AD?. The study identifies two approaches: a holistic approach and a fragmented approach. This categorization reveals that from the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar onward, orientalists’ focus shifted to the details of the green landscape, and their understanding of the overall system of the green landscape as a cohesive whole became less discernible. Only a few Orientalists superficially referenced Tehran’s climatic system, which led to a semi-nomadic lifestyle, and thereby depicted a fragmentary image of the city’s green landscape. It appears that the Orientalists’ focus on the details of the green landscape was influenced by the experience of European modernity in Tehran. This shift occurred within the framework of broader external systems, including the political powers of foreign governments and the interest of Iranian statesmen in the West. As a result, orientalists paid increasing attention to the details of Tehran’s green landscape, either through an authoritative, governance-driven perspective or from a political-cultural viewpoint.

https://www.manzar-sj.com/article_212229_079041a457309515a5368183bc1a8fc6.pdf