Productive Landscape
Seyed-Amir
Mansouri
استادیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
5
5
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5700_cce4fef7c88ccf1f6ed4fc7f9cdcb46b.pdf
Recreation of two Mughal Gardens in Delhi and Kabul
Mohammad
shaheer
Retired Professor, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India
author
T: Nafiseh
Seyedeh
کارشناس ارشد معماری منظر، دانشگاه تهران
author
Leila
Jahedi
کارشناس ارشد معماری منظر، دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2014
per
Contextualism in modern literature was considered the basic principles of the Mughal gardens. The two valuable experiences on renovation of Humayun Tomb Garden and Babur Gardens demonstrate the importance of site selection and location of the garden at their natural context. These projects represent different considering space, planting pattern, reconstruction of irrigation system of the garden and restoration of roads, water networks and pavements. The three aspects of geometry and spatial function, fruitful and decorative gardening patterns as well as integrated irrigational systems of these two gardens have all resulted in close policies and strategies in order to fulfill an exact restoration in accordance with the adopted documents. Regardless of the expert selection of the site, these landscapes are significantly identifiable owing to the simple systems of space separation, the integration of water as an aesthetic and useful element in completing the spatial structure the garden and creating fruitful and shading plants and trees. Although the gardens were built with the purpose of personal use and enjoyment, they are now considered as a part of the urban area whose change of characteristics in the urban context can be identified by the following:
1 - Change in use (function): from being a personal property to a recreational park.
2 - Planting features: from being a fruitful garden to green parterres.
3 - Spatial composition: from being densely planted to offering openness and angle deposition.
The practical and theoretical aspects may affect the maintenance and usage monitoring programs and their functions in the future. The general policy of landscape restoration of Babur garden was minimal interference due to the geometry of the garden according to visible landmarks and historical available documents. The planting pattern is as simple as what is depicted in miniature paintings of this garden and inherent the simplicity of the garden.
Homayun tomb garden has undergone serious and multiple changes throughout the time. However, the main structure and dimensions of the Char-Bagh was kept intact and the renovation was completed by maintaining its current characteristics. The main purpose of renovating the garden as the first and most important tomb completed in the early stages of the Mughal regime was to show some of natural ideas of the prior garden regarding the relationship between pathways and parterres and successful regeneration of irrigational system to recreate the spirit of life in the garden.
Overall, landscape garden or recreation garden of Mughal which has a linear rectangular design includes excellent features and its special spaces indicate a look beyond the mundane beliefs in an interesting paradox. In other words, while the mundane gardens represent the blessing of God, the true garden is located in the heart of man. In the case the garden is an introduction of a mental narrative beyond the beauty of the material world.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
6
11
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5701_10a340c1c74d20d64284706030849c4f.pdf
Readout a Tradition in Art of Iranian Gardening
Mohsen
Kafi
Ph.D in Gardening Sciences and Green Space, Professor of Green Space Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
Brocade Netscape or Xeriscape is part of the landscape science introduced when facing warm and dry climate. Netscape Brocade is composed of seven principles which are designated to achieve optimal irrigation. The term was first defined in the Oxford Dictionary in the year 2000, while its principles have been used for many years in the landscaping of Persian Gardens. Persian garden is a path toward illustrating how mankind can coexist with nature, especially in a harsh desert environment. This issue which is a reflection of Iranian intelligence and awareness has been forgotten and nowadays is just being mentioned in the gardening courses. In order to respect and acknowledge the Iranian competence in this field, the article tries to prove that the seven principles of landscaping in arid areas are consistent with the style of Persian gardening and landscaping. The first principle of the Xeriscape is pertaining to its structure which has been met similarly in the Persian garden. It expounds that each different region defined in Xeriscape in terms of importance has its special planting design which is in agreement with that area. The next principle limits the use of grass to the areas in which, in addition to its different use and aesthetic aspects, the use of water can be optimized. Iranian utilization of grass for the purpose of producing animal feed, harvesting herbs, and fertilizing soil are signs of adherence to this principle. Drought-resistant plants used in Iranian Gardens due to their economic characteristics have been noticed in Persian Gardens. The landscaping in arid regions, using elements to enhance the capacity of agricultural soil modifier, which means to promote water storage in soil, is taken into consideration. Persian garden as a microclimate is the natural home for birds that directly or indirectly reinforces the soil and increases the capacity of its agricultural and biological pest-repelling of plants without the use of any chemicals. The importance of nature in Iranian culture, its pertinent traditions, and particular irrigation methods to reduce surface evaporation of water and optimize water usage illustrate that the principles of Xeriscape were followed in Persian gardens. To portray the glory of Iranian way of thinking, two other principles (creating the shade and making the windbreak) are also introduced so that the fact that this knowledge was born in Iran is substantiated by strong and irrefutable evidence
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
12
17
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5702_4619443fcaccac97feea043028f719d5.pdf
Physical Analysis of Historical Squares in Iran
Narges
Aghabozorg
, M.A. in Landscape Architecture, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
Heshmatollah
Motedayen
Ph.D. in History of Architecture, Assistant professor, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
In order to protect the identity of Iranian urban spaces, studying about and extracting the main features of Iranian traditional urban spaces are necessary. Squares are not necessarily urban spaces, but as we have seen throughout the history, being located in the city context, they have gradually transformed into urban spaces with designed bodied. Reviewing the physical aesthetics of such historical squares leads to understanding their specific features. Particularly, research pursuant to the study the features of historical urban spaces is incoherent. In the present paper, common achievements respecting historical urban spaces of Iran are investigated. These common features are as follows: each space- to be defined- needs to have limiting elements; in all urban spaces, right corners and emphasis on symmetry axis are abundantly found; to access all Iranian urban spaces, there is always a spatial continuity; wherever not inconsistent with the space function, Iranian used to take advantage of fountains, plants or both; and in all Iranian spaces-whether architectural and urban-Iranian specific architectural elements have been used. By examining these features and classifying them into aesthetic principles, the system layers upon square elements and their compositions can be concluded. Finally, system layers upon square elements are briefly categorized in the form of “elements system” including architectural elements system, natural elements, temporary and permanent artifacts, and in the form of “composition system” including elements compositions, geometric, spatial, color, light, and materials systems. The layering system can be used in designing modern squares.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
18
23
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5717_ebef08ee9336b12a5b7efd4de6c206b6.pdf
Recording and scanning method of cultural landscape manifestations.
Parisa
Lagzi
M.A in Architecture, Science and Technology University, Iran.
author
Mohammad Ali
Khanmohammadi
Ph.D in Architecture, Assistant Professor, Science and technology University, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
Ecosystem services has been defined as ‘‘the benefits people obtain from ecosystems” by MA, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Some of these benefits are non-material which according to the MA definition, are obtained through ‘‘spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences. These benefits are called cultural ecosystem services (CES) and include six subsets: Cultural identity, Heritage values, Spiritual services, Inspiration, Aesthetic appreciation, and Recreation and tourism. There is a strong linkage between CES and the determinants and constituents of human well-being, which made it important to recognize and analyze them. Attempts at assessing the values people attach to ecosystems reveal profound methodological gaps regarding the non-material domains associated with aesthetic, spiritual or heritage values. The methodological backbone of CES assessments is the conducting of qualitative interviews. But interviews for analyzing CES are necessarily intensive and in-depth; thus they can hardly be conducted using quantitative, standardized questionnaires. Data on other ecosystem services are mainly quantitative and therefore this makes it difficult to integrate study results into comprehensive reports on different types of ecosystem services. Data generated through typical interview techniques which do not integrate maps or photos into the process do not deliver spatially explicit data, making it hard to relate non-material values to a specific place or feature of the physical landscape. This paper presents a new approach for trying to grasp these intangible benefits based on the assumption that making use of CES leaves discernible marks on the physical landscape. We explore the potential for tracing visible manifestations of CES in a field walk-based landscape analysis in the district of Unterlenningen, the Swabian Alb in southwestern Germany. The general structure of this approach is to systematically record these manifestations of CES in the site, to quantify them using statistical methods and to integrate them into spatially explicit representations such as map or GIS. The results provide information on the character, significance, and spatial distribution of CES and allow for analysis in terms of correlations with landscape features or ecosystem services bundles. Based on our results, the method has two main strengths: 1) as an approach it is suitable for statistical analysis and integration with spatially explicit and quantitative data in comprehensive landscape assessment; and 2) as a simplified version it can generate valuable data for exploratory or complementary uses. However it has several limitations. Most importantly, not all types of CES can be captured adequately with this method; moreover, spatially explicit and quantitative data are provided only to a limited degree. Therefore, we see the benefits of this method mainly as a complement to other approaches, such as interviews with individuals, focus groups, and literature reviews. In this regard, the method of recording visible manifestations can be an important component of the multi-faceted toolbox which is indispensable for assessment of CES. Future application of the method may take two primary directions. First, it can be applied in a strictly systematic way, providing quantitative data suitable for all kinds of statistical analyses. Second, it is a simplified version of the method. A relatively rough quantification and spatial exemplification is needed in order to provide an overview of CES provisions or to derive exploratory insights of single CES types when comparing different investigation areas.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
24
29
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5718_bc0a69ecad35746ddeac413d36aa99d9.pdf
Architectural Mysteries of Anahita Temple
Leila
Jahedi
کارشناس ارشد معماری منظر، دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2014
per
New Theories is a section of MANZAR academic journal which is dedicated to the specialized workshops of NAZAR Research Center that has started since 2009. It provides an opportunity for academics to share and discuss their findings as the result of delving into ancient themes. These theories are presented to readers as comprehensive reports.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
30
31
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5719_bdf01b115e6982880c907f6830d50fa5.pdf
An experience of Architecture in social cohesion- Mosque of“Rijeka” in Croatia
Hirbod
Norouzian Pour
کارشناس ارشد معماری، دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
32
33
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5703_4234ca441de461b7297b5bd02ecbbc74.pdf
Modification of the Renovation Trend is Dependent upon Modification of Definitions
Mohammad Saeed
Izadi
CEO of Urban Development and Revitalization Organization, Iran
author
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
34
34
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5722_197f087b42274b809927bc1abce47f03.pdf
The Role of Renovation Literature in its Success
Seyed-Amir
Mansouri
استادیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2014
per
Renovation in Iran is a new term. The oldest urban management7s proceedings in this context returns to the establishment of renovation organization in Tehran about four decades ago with the aim of modernization and Luxury-oriented the city with removing the maladaptive and superf luous elements of cityscape. The organization log until 80th decade indicates this approach.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
35
39
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5720_207b989013257d2d6b18c32f4b493af5.pdf
Renovation of Urban Renovation Process
Sepideh
Shafaei
Ph.D in Architecture, CEO of Sharan Consultant Architects.
author
text
article
2014
per
Urban life does not stay in the past, nor does it remain stagnant at present. The contemporary city accelerates toward the future aimed by today’s world; a world involved in common problems that have concerned its people.
Repeated warnings about the destruction and degradation of the global environment, intensified damaging effects of climate change and global warming, reduction of water sources and pollution from fossil fuel use (regardless of exhaustible its resources) which have ultimately jeopardized human survival as a result of excessive consumption seems to have no serious reflection. Remarkably, unlike some opinions, these issues are not considered luxury categories in developing countries. Unfortunately, developing countries keep repeating the mistakes made in developed countries and have not learned a lesson from their wasting of resources for achieving more sustainable cities, protecting the environment and natural resources, measured full-scale substantive values and ultimately qualitative improvement of life and compliance with civil rights. They are still concerned with quantities and have wasted beneficial resources to build big cities with wide expensive streets. Hence, these countries face more difficulties than developed ones and have to double their speeds to compensate their actions inevitably. Redefinition of rehabilitation and renovation concept with regard to the above considerations can result in new ideas in urban development.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
40
43
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5704_cbd3e286cd61fffc99b8ec5354360744.pdf
Lag is not Necessity, is the Delay of Justice
Abolfath
Sepanloo
M.A. in Architecture, CEO of Tarh-o- Amayesh Consultant Architects & Town Planners, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
Recent efforts in regeneration of lagged urban areas from late developments have not led to an acceptable result to come out of the current unpleasant situation. This indicates the inadequacy and inconsistency of program with aspects of change process. If excessive efforts to transform the current threat of lagged urban areas to urban development opportunities are far away from achieving the goal, the uncertainty of the issue will be acceptable. Therefore, returning back to the beginning of the cycle of knowing the lag and efforts to contemporize the lagged urban areas becomes a necessity. A verification of the issue requires the specific terminology of this field of study. This terminology tries to shed light on the meaning and the scope of lagged urban areas and the way of regeneration in a closely definition framework.
The lagged urban areas demonstrate one or more aspect of lag including “Social abnormalities, cultural lag, psychological-health crisis, mental disorders, functional incompatibility, and the economic decline, lack of updated urban utilities, environmental pollution, motion difficulties, and decline of social prestige”.
Urban areas do not have equal “living level”. “Living level” is the extent to which one can benefit from city utilities and urban amenities. The differences between "living level" in a part of "urban areas" from " is below" the “average living level”. In other words, they are “lagged” behind the developments and “lagging” is resulted from attachment or detachment to “time” that “drives changes”. Time changes in three levels of global, national and local. Every change obtains a meaning from transition from "what it is" to "what it should be" and clear definition of “what it should be” requires knowledge; the one that can help us distinguish right from wrong and offer us a clear view of the actual situation of urban areas.
“Regeneration” is not a simple issue against “lagging” nor a linear compensation of it. “Regeneration”, meaning “placement of place in time” creates new spaces and flourishes on diminishing the “lagging” situation.
In such a framework, the regeneration makes the city a subject of “what it should be”. In regeneration as Protagoras quotes man is the measure of all things. If so, we cannot enter the life of “measure of all things and undertake their unwilling changes with primary ways of (Renovation, rehabilitation, regeneration, restoration).
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
44
47
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5705_13a8a994aad92dcc159bf95cdacbf20d.pdf
Intervention Methods in Urban Context- Its Process and Terminology
Naser
Bonyadi
Ph.D in Urbanism, Manager of Planning and Urban Design Studies in Road and urban development research center, Iran.
author
text
article
2014
per
The expression of deteriorated urban fabric is a primitive interpretation of bad conditions of city and the status of urbanization. Distressedness in the city has different concepts encompassing physical distressedness, social distressedness, financial and economical function of city, etc. All these kinds of distressedness require different treatments improbable to lead to physical intervention. Yet, this expression was used in a specific period of urban development referring to the districts whose buildings were in need of retrofitting. Although the subject of urban deteriorated fabrics was proposed in 1968, the comprehensive measure were taken in 2001 with the ratification of the Act of Iran High Council on Urbanization and Architecture and was proposed as a program on a national scale, attracting budgets and civil plans towards itself.
The history of similar measures in industrial countries and Europe dates back to modern urbanization and architecture era and reconstruction of urban neighborhoods after the World Wars whose outcomes are not assessed positive today. Currently renovating urban fabrics is being raised in a few countries from a viewpoint of mere development on a scale of great zones. Urban renaissance and regeneration plans which are in progress in those countries are considered in line with urban renovation but with a different approach. In these plans, intervention in urban structures is performed by balancing the two aspects of “conservation and Development”.
Reaching the strategies of sustainable urban development and coordinated and integrated conservation, experiences of intervention in urban contents are fulfilled in accordance with the global definitions via the method of combination of development and conservation (Urban Integrated conservation and Renovation) and for the purpose of urban renaissance and regeneration by observing the criteria of sustainable development and participatory planning collaboration (of people in profits and decisions).
On the other hand the technical expressions and specialized terms of intervention in urban fabrics are among significant concepts in urbanization. To properly understand their proceedings and procedure, these terms must be used in a way to prevent more problems in applying and translating texts and documents. Analysis and comparison of various equivalents indicates that reaching a common language in translation of texts related to intervention in urban fabrics is worthy of consideration. Various experts use different interpretations from these terms in editing and writing their books, essays and academic instructions. These inconsistencies have hindered the possibility of conveyance of experiences with a unified perception and interpretation. Examining various expressions and approaches mentioned in categorizing the methods of urban repairs denotes that urbanization and especially urban repairs in Iran are taking steps forward. But the taken measures so far are not sufficient for the great task at hand. Lack of common language and understanding between the experts in regard to the terms related to intervention in urban fabrics have led to executive actions halt at a level of efficiency and failure of a proper summary of the carried out executive experiences. Attempting to eliminate these inconsistencies is one of the most necessary actions at the present time.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
48
53
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5706_189de2f881653dfabd04b0793cfbfb3c.pdf
Transformation of Renovation Approaches in France
Maurice
Blanc
Retired Professor of Sociology, Urban Institute and Laboratory, National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and University of Strasbourg, France.
author
text
article
2014
per
Different approches of rénovation in France, in different historical periods, beside the utilization cases, indicates the quality of encounter to the terms, “restoration”, “rehabilitation” and “conservation”. Study of these experiences indicates how different definitions of concepts can relate bilaterally with approaches ordained by urban managers. in line with the different governments policies, This relation has led to different definitions in this sphere. So that in every period a special definition or Term gets common and the contemplation of that period is known with that appellative. In France these periods can be divided into two main parts: the rehabilitation-destruction and conservation-restoration policies. In the first period, the deconstruction policies of age of emperor II were established with confronting the insanitary housing. After a century this policy continued with modern thoughts and habitation of the deconstructed fabrics residents in big complexes and ended up in 2003 with deconstruction of the residential complexes in prior period. End of this period was contemporary with two other approaches and policies about facing with housing problems. The policy was raised from communist thoughts and proposed the law of “Urban Revitalization and Solidarity “. And the second law titled “National commitment for housing” was proposed by a moderate minister. Parallel with these policies, some approaches about the conversation were followed by the government, in various dimensions. The modern approach considered limited conservation of some historical architecture works, second approach considered conservation of urban restricts and third approach tried to conserve the ....fabrics with facilitating policies. Overall, various approaches of rehabilitation, renovation or urban fabrics conservation are involved with deconstruction and residents participation. Thus, in France, the common terms of any period have been the exponent of the thoughts of that period, and also are the navigator of urban politician’s approaches and policies.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
54
59
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5707_f77c751957f87e6b28465f679dab121c.pdf
The evolution of the concept of renovation in intervention approaches of urban fabrics
Fatemeh
Mohammadi Aydaghmish
M.A in Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology.
author
text
article
2014
per
Reviewing the conditions of our towns and developments which occurred in recent decades (since 1300), compared with the past, indicates that nowadays, the cities have changed in many aspects , lost their logical, constructive and composed relationships and replaced by a new concept of urbanization. Consequently, distressed urban areas have become the production of conceptual break of time and space and also along with that, one-dimensional interpretations have led to continuity and accelerated obsolescence rate. The question is whether the major concerns of urban renewal are impermeability and physical instability? And whether by solving these physical problems, there would be no other problems in distressed areas? Are social, cultural and economic aspects important in renovation plans?
Large scale of distressed urban areas, with numerous problems and complexities and the failure of many projects in finding the appropriate solution, has made urban officials to revise their plans and adopt a new approach to tackle the problems of these areas. Approaches to urban development have evolved from reconstruction, rehabilitation, renovation and redevelopment to "regeneration" and "renaissance". In this way, the transition from the realm of mere attention to physical emphasize to social, economic, cultural and artistic aspects is evident. Although physical problems are important, the main issue is sustainability and effectiveness of the approaches which have been adopted. In fact, regardless of other aspects of distressed areas and ignoring internal capacities of them might lead to undermine social context and identity of these areas over time. So, the problems seem to be solved, but the results would not be sustainable and soon again increasing and broader problems might be seen. Accordingly, the aim of the present paper is revisiting the concept of renewal, recreation and urban development. In this context, the evolution of urban restoration and its dimensions are studied in different periods.
In this paper, after reviewing the approaches of intervention in distressed areas and using descriptive and analytical methods, according to international experiences and new trends in the world, it was concluded that the most effective way to intervene in these areas requires a systematic and "process-orientated" approach. Indeed planning in these areas requires a holistic approach with physical, social, economic and cultural aspects rather than a purely physical perspective which requires an attitude of "top-down" management and has resulted in failure or limited success of the plans. Recent approaches, such as "regeneration" and "renaissance" seek multi-dimensional aspects of renovation such as "social engagement", "integrated planning" and "internal-development". In these approaches, besides landscaping and environmental sustainability, various aspects of sustainability have been taken into consideration. So, it is recognized that renovation is primarily endemic and social, cultural and financial issues vary in every country, city, neighborhood or elsewhere. So, renovation is not making buildings and, besides the technical aspects, it is interdisciplinary and multifaceted which is beyond the resources of urban management. In this regard, reviewing the definition of urban renewal and methods of intervention are the facts that should be put on the agenda in urban planning projects.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
60
65
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5708_2aea40849d5c4d098c65dd939f5cbfc1.pdf
The Impact of Renovation Actions Appellation on their Success
Nafiseh
Seyedeh
کارشناس ارشد معماری منظر، دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2014
per
Defects of definition and terminology of the issue is the premier factor which have detoured urban renewal despite excessive efforts in urban management. In Iran, the physical aspects are the only factors which are considered in the official terms. Therefore, an issue was queried by a group of professionals of this field: are the managers and decision makers aware of this issue? Or do they consider the significance of their impact? This roundtable was held by the presence of Dr. Mozaffar Sarafi, Dr. Majid Roosta, Dr, Mohammad Saeed Izadi and Dr. Seyyed Amir Mansouri.
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
66
69
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5709_6643ec3dae1dafd33a45e3084afd957a.pdf
National Strategic Document of Restoration, Revitalization, Renovation & Rehabilitation of Inefficient Deteriorated Urban Textures
text
article
2014
per
MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape
پژوهشکدۀ هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر
2008-7446
6
v.
26
no.
2014
70
70
http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_5721_49a3492b53a94359655540659b2a2eca.pdf